ភាសាបាលី៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា
ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានលុបចោល ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានសរសេរបន្ថែម
ត r2.7.2) (រ៉ូបូ បន្ថែម: eu:Pali |
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បន្ទាត់ទី៤៖
{{Infobox Language
|name=
|nativename={{lang|pi|Pāḷi}}
|pronunciation={{IPA-sa|paːli|}}
បន្ទាត់ទី១២៖
|iso3=pli
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[ភាសាឥណ្ឌូ-អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឥណ្ឌូ-អ៊ីរ៉ង់]]
|fam3=[[ភាសាឥណ្ឌូ-អារ្យ|ឥណ្ឌូ-អារ្យ]]
|script= [[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]] and [[Brahmic family of scripts|derived scripts]] and [[Devanagari transliteration|Latin alphabet]] ([[Pali#Pali writing|refer to article]])
|extinct=No native speakers, used as a literary and liturgical language only
បន្ទាត់ទី២២៖
'''បាលី''' (ផងដែរ '''Pā{{transl|sinh|ISO|ḷ}}i''')គឺជា[[ភាសាឥណ្ឌូ-អារ្យមជ្ឈិម]]មួយ (រឺ [[ប្រាក្រឹត]]) នៃ[[ឧបទ្វីបឥណ្ឌា]] ។ It is best known as the language of many of the earliest extant [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] scriptures, as collected in the [[Pali Canon|Pā{{transl|sinh|ISO|ḷ}}i Canon]] or ''Tipitaka'', and as the [[liturgical language]] of [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]].
==ដើមកំនើត
===និរុត្តិសាស្ត្រនៃឈ្មោះ===
The word ''Pali'' itself signifies "line" or "(canonical) text". This name for the language seems to have its origins in commentarial traditions, wherein the ''Pali'' (in the sense of the line of original text quoted) was distinguished from the commentary or vernacular translation that followed it in the manuscript. As such, the name of the language has caused some debate among scholars of all ages; the spelling of the name also varies, being found with both long "ā" {{IPA|[ɑː]}} and short "a" {{IPA|[a]}}, and also with either a [[retroflex]] {{IPA|[ɭ]}} or non-[[retroflex]] {{IPA|[l]}} "l" sound, as in the [[ISO 15919]]/[[ALA-LC]] rendering, '''Pāḷi'''. To this day, there is no single, standard spelling of the term; all four spellings can be found in textbooks. R.C. Childers translates the word as "series" and states that the language "bears the epithet in consequence of the perfection of its grammatical structure".<ref>Hazra, Kanai Lal. ''Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.'' D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 19.</ref>
===ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់===
Pali is a [[literary language]] of the [[Prakrit]] language family. When the canonical texts were written down in [[Sri Lanka]] in the first century BCE, Pali stood close to a living language; this is not the case for the commentaries.<ref>Students' Britannica India, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA145&dq=history+of+the+pali+language&sig=ACfU3U2P8niEMFn9ME8litgG1xbStvlmLA#PPA145,M1].</ref> Despite excellent scholarship on this problem, there is persistent confusion as to the relation of {{transl|sinh|ISO|Pāḷi}} to the vernacular spoken in the ancient kingdom of [[Magadha]], which was located around modern-day [[Bihar (India)|Bihār]].
បន្ទាត់ទី៣៣៖
===ប្រវត្តិដើម===
====នៅក្នុងពុទ្ធសាសនាថេរវាទ====
Many [[Theravada]] sources refer to the Pali language as "[[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhan]]" or the "language of [[Magadha]]". This identification first appears in the commentaries, and may have been an attempt by Buddhists to associate themselves more closely with the [[Mauryan]]s. The Buddha taught in Magadha, but the four most important places in his life are all outside of it. It is likely that he taught in several closely related dialects of Middle Indo-Aryan, which had a very high degree of mutual intelligibility. There is no attested dialect of Middle Indo-Aryan with all the features of Pali. Pali has some commonalities with both the [[Ashoka the Great|Ashokan]] inscriptions at [[Girnar]] in the West of India, and at [[Hathigumpha inscription|Hathigumpha, Bhubaneswar, Odisha]] in the East. Similarities to the Western inscription may be misleading, because the inscription suggests that the Ashokan scribe may not have translated the material he received from Magadha into the vernacular of the people there. Whatever the relationship of the Buddha's speech to Pali, the [[Pali Canon|Canon]] was eventually transcribed and preserved entirely in it, while the commentarial tradition that accompanied it (according to the information provided by [[Buddhaghosa]]) was translated into [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] and preserved in local languages for several generations.
In Sri Lanka, Pali is thought to have entered into a period of decline ending around the 4th or 5th century (as Sanskrit rose in prominence, and simultaneously, as Buddhism's adherents became a smaller portion of the subcontinent), but ultimately survived. The work of Buddhaghosa was largely responsible for its reemergence as an important scholarly language in Buddhist thought. The [[Visuddhimagga]] and the other commentaries that Buddhaghosa compiled codified and condensed the [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] commentarial tradition that had been preserved and expanded in Sri Lanka since the 3rd century BCE.
====ទិដ្ឋភាពនៅដើមបស្ចឹម====
[[T.W. Rhys Davids]] in his book ''Buddhist India'',<ref>[http://fsnow.com/text/buddhist-india/chapter9.htm Buddhist India, ch. 9] Retrieved 14 June 2010.</ref> and [[Wilhelm Geiger]] in his book ''Pali Literature and Language'', suggested that Pali may have originated as a form of [[lingua franca]] or common language of culture among people who used differing dialects in North India, used at the time of the Buddha and employed by him. Another scholar states that at that time it was "a refined and elegant vernacular of all Aryan-speaking people."<ref>Hazra, Kanai Lal. ''Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.'' D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 11.</ref> Modern scholarship has not arrived at a consensus on the issue; there are a variety of conflicting theories with supporters and detractors.<ref>Hazra, Kanai Lal. ''Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.'' D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, pages 1-44.</ref> After the death of the Buddha, Pali may have evolved among Buddhists out of the language of the Buddha as a new artificial language.<ref>Hazra, Kanai Lal. ''Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.'' D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 29.</ref> R.C. Childers, who held to the theory that Pali was Old Magadhi, wrote: "Had Gautama never preached, it is unlikely that Magadhese would have been distinguished from the many other vernaculars of Hindustan, except perhaps by an inherent grace and strength which make it a sort of [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] among the Prakrits."<ref>Hazra, Kanai Lal. ''Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.'' D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 20.</ref>
បន្ទាត់ទី៧២៖
Comparable to [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]], [[Latin]] or [[Hebrew]] in the [[Mysticism|mystic]] traditions of the West, Pali recitations were often thought to have a [[supernatural]] power (which could be attributed to their meaning, the character of the reciter, or the qualities of the language itself), and in the early strata of Buddhist literature we can already see Pali [[dharani|{{transl|sinh|ISO|dhāraṇī}}]]s used as charms, e.g. against the bite of snakes. Many people in Theravada cultures still believe that taking a vow in Pali has a special significance, and, as one example of the supernatural power assigned to chanting in the language, the recitation of the vows of [[Angulimala|{{transl|sinh|ISO|Aṅgulimāla}}]] are believed to alleviate the pain of childbirth in Sri Lanka. In [[Thailand]], the chanting of a portion of the [[Abhidhamma|{{transl|sinh|ISO|Abhidhammapiṭaka}}]] is believed to be beneficial to the recently departed, and this ceremony routinely occupies as much as seven working days. Interestingly, there is nothing in the latter text that relates to this subject, and the origins of the custom are unclear.
==សូរវិទ្យា==
{{IPA notice}}
With regard to its phonology, R.C. Childers compared Pali to [[Italian language|Italian]]: "Like Italian, Pali is at once flowing and sonorous: it is a characteristic of both languages that nearly every word ends in a vowel, and that all harsh conjunctions are softened down by [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]], [[elision]], or [[crasis]], while on the other hand both lend themselves easily to the expression of sublime and vigorous thought."<ref>Robert Caesar Childers, ''A Dictionary of the Pali Language.'' Published by Trübner, 1875, pages xii-xiv. Republished by Asian Educational Services, 1993.</ref>
បន្ទាត់ទី៤៣០៖
The following phonological processes are not intended as an exhaustive description of the historical changes which produced Pali from its Old Indic ancestor, but rather are a summary of the most common phonological equations between Sanskrit and Pali, with no claim to completeness.
===ស្រៈ
*Sanskrit '''ai''' and '''au''' always monophthongize to Pali '''e''' and '''o''', respectively
::Examples: '''maitrī''' → '''mettā''', '''auṣadha''' → '''osadha'''
បន្ទាត់ទី៤៤៤៖
===ព្យញ្ជនៈ===
====បម្រែបម្រួលសម្លេង====
*The Sanskrit sibilants '''ś''', '''ṣ''', and '''s''' merge together as Pali '''s'''
::Examples: '''śaraṇa''' → '''saraṇa''', '''doṣa''' → '''dosa'''
បន្ទាត់ទី៤៥១៖
====Assimilations====
=====ក្បួនច្បាប់ទូទៅ=====
*Many [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilations]] of one consonant to a neighboring consonant occurred in the development of Pali, producing a large number of [[Gemination|geminate]] (double) consonants. Since [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] of a geminate consonant is only phonetically detectable on the last consonant of a cluster, geminate '''kh, gh, ch, jh, ṭh, ḍh, th, dh, ph''' and '''bh''' appear as '''kkh, ggh, cch, jjh, ṭṭh, ḍḍh, tth, ddh, pph''' and '''bbh''', not as ''khkh, ghgh'' etc.
*When assimilation would produce a geminate consonant (or a sequence of unaspirated stop+aspirated stop) at the beginning of a word, the initial geminate is simplified to a single consonant.
បន្ទាត់ទី៥៥៤៖
*'''vṛkṣa''' → rukṣa → '''rukkha''' (not ''vakkha'')
==សំណេរបាលី==
===
King [[Ashoka]] erected a number of pillars with his edicts in at least three regional Prakrit languages in [[Brahmi script]],<ref>''Inscriptions of Asoka'' by Alexander Cunningham, Eugen Hultzsch. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Calcutta: 1877</ref> all of which are quite similar to Pali. Historically, the first written record of the Pali canon is believed to have been composed in [[Sri Lanka]], based on a prior oral tradition. As per the [[Mahavamsa]] (the chronicle of Sri Lanka), due to a major famine in the country Buddhist monks wrote down the Pali canon during the time of King [[Vattagamini]] in 100 BC. The transmission of written Pali has retained a universal system of alphabetic values, but has expressed those values in a stunning variety of actual scripts.
បន្ទាត់ទី៥៦៧៖
'''ḷh''', although a single sound, is written with ligature of '''ḷ''' and '''h'''.
=== អក្សរសព្ទបាលីលើគណិតូបករណ៍ (កំណត់សូរ) ===
There are several fonts to use for Pali transliteration. However, older ASCII fonts such as Leedsbit PaliTranslit, Times_Norman, Times_CSX+, Skt Times, Vri RomanPali CN/CB etc., are not recommendable since they are not compatible with one another and technically out of date. On the contrary, fonts based on the [[Unicode]] standard are recommended because Unicode seems to be the future for all fonts and also because they are easily portable to one another.
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