ម៉ុងហ្គោលី៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា

|national_motto =

|national_anthem = <center></center>''"[[National anthem of Mongolia|Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал]]"''<br />''National anthem of Mongolia''

|languages = [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian Cyrillic]]<br>[[Mongolian script]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36|title=Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script|publisher=''UB Post''|date=2011-06-21|language=English|accessdate=2010-07-11}}</ref>

|ethnic_groups = 95.35% [[Mongols]]<br>3.86% [[Kazakhs]]<br>0.8% others<ref>[http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf Mongolia National Census 2010 Provision Results. National Statistical Office of Mongolia] (in Mongolian.)</ref>

|capital = [[Ulan Bator]]

|latd=47|latm=55|latNS=N|longd=106|longm=53|longEW=E

|leader_name1 = [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]]

|leader_name2 = [[Sükhbaataryn Batbold]]

At {{convert|1564116|km2}}, Mongolia is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by area|19th largest]] and the [[List of countries by population density|most sparsely populated]] independent country in the world, with a population of around 2.75 million people. It is also the world's second-largest [[landlocked country]] after [[Kazakhstan]]. The country contains very little [[arable land]], as much of its area is covered by [[steppe]]s, with mountains to the north and west and the [[Gobi Desert]] to the south. Approximately 30% of the population are [[nomad]]ic or semi-nomadic. The predominant religion in Mongolia is [[Tibetan Buddhism]], and the majority of the state's citizens are of Mongol ethnicity, though [[Kazakhs]], [[Tuvans]], and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. About 20% of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day.<ref name="HDI-2011"/> Mongolia joined the [[World Trade Organization]] in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes.<ref name="factbook-mn"/>

 

{{Main|History of Mongolia}}

 

The vast Xiongnu empire (209 BC-93 AD) was followed by the Mongolic [[Xianbei state|Xianbei empire]] (93–234) which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic [[Rouran]] Khaganate (330–555), of [[Xianbei]] provenance, ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the [[Göktürks]] (555–745) whose empire was even bigger (laid siege to [[Panticapaeum]], present-day [[Kerch]], in 576). They were succeeded by the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] (745–840) who were defeated by the Kyrgyz. The Mongolic [[Khitan people|Khitans]], also descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the [[Liao Dynasty]] (907–1125) after which the [[Khamag Mongol]] (1125–1206) rose to prominence.

 

{{Main|Mongol Empire}}

[[File:Mongols-map.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Asia|This map shows the boundary of 13th century [[Mongol Empire]] compared to today's [[Mongols]].]]

Until 1911, the Qing Dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures. [[Amban]]s, Manchu "high officials", were installed in [[Ulaanbaatar|Khüree]], [[Uliastai]], and [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]], and the country was subdivided into ever more feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms. Over the course of the 19th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behaviour of Mongolia's nobility, together with the [[usury|usurious]] practices of the Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in poverty becoming ever more rampant.

 

[[File:BogdKhan.jpg|thumb|upright|The eighth [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]]]]

With the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia under the [[Bogd Khaan]] declared independence in 1911. However, the newly established [[Republic of China]] considered Mongolia to be part of its own territory. The area controlled by the Bogd Khaan was approximately that of the former [[Outer Mongolia]] during the Qing period. In 1919, after the [[October Revolution]] in Russia, Chinese troops led by [[Xu Shuzheng]] occupied Mongolia.

The introduction of [[perestroika]] and [[glasnost]] in the USSR by [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] strongly influenced Mongolian politics, leading to the [[1990 Mongolian democratic revolution|peaceful Democratic Revolution]] and the introduction of a multi-party system and market economy. A new [[constitution]] was introduced in 1992, and the "People's Republic" was dropped from the country's name. The transition to market economy was often rocky. The early 1990s saw high inflation and food shortages. The first election wins for non-communist parties came in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). The signing of the [[Oyu Tolgoi mine]] contract is considered a major milestone in modern Mongolian history. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party renamed itself the Mongolian People's Party in 2010.

 

{{Main|Geography of Mongolia|Climate of Mongolia|Mongolian-Manchurian grassland}}

[[File:Mongolia 1996 CIA map.jpg|thumb|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert]], while the northern and western portions are mountainous.]]

The name "Gobi" is a Mongol term for a desert steppe, which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support [[marmot]]s but with enough to support [[camel]]s. Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape. Gobi rangelands are fragile and are easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even [[Bactrian camel]]s can survive.

 

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{{Main|Demographics of Mongolia}}

Ethnic Mongols account for about 95% of the population and consist of Khalkha and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongol language. The [[Khalkha]] make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include [[Oirats]], [[Buryats]] and others. [[Turkic people]]s ([[Kazakhs]], [[Tuvans]], and Chantuu ([[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]) constitute 4.5% of Mongolia's population, and the rest are Russian, Chinese, Korean and American nationalities.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/second-wave-of-chinese-invasion/2007/08/12/1186857347594.html Second wave of Chinese invasion]. The Sydney Morning Herald. August 13, 2007.</ref>

 

The official language of Mongolia is [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of [[dialect]]s of [[Oirat language|Oirat]] and [[Buryat language|Buryat]] are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of [[Mongolic language|Mongolic]] Khamnigan. In the west of the country, [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]], both [[Turkic languages]], are also spoken.

 

Deaf people in Mongolia use [[Mongolian Sign Language]].

 

According to the National Census 2010, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 53% were Buddhists, and 39% were Atheists:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right;"

The fall of communism in 1991 restored the legality of public religious practice, and Tibetan Buddhism, which had been the predominant religion in the region before the rise of communism, again rose to become the most widely practiced religion in Mongolia. The end of religious repression in the 1990s also allowed for other religions, such as Baha'i Faith and Christianity, to spread in the country. According to the Christian missionary group [[Barnabas Fund]], the number of Christians grew from just four in 1989 to around 40,000 as of 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mongolia-attractions.com/religions-in-mongolia.html |title=Religions in Mongolia |publisher=Mongolia-attractions.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

 

{{Main|Aimags of Mongolia|Sums of Mongolia}}

{{Clickable map of Mongolian provinces}}

}}

 

{{Main|List of cities in Mongolia}}

About 40% of the population lives in [[Ulaanbaatar]], and in 2002 a further 23% lived in [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], [[Erdenet]], the [[aimags of Mongolia|aimag]] centers and [[sums of Mongolia|sum]]-level permanent settlements.<ref>[http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf National Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2002], p. 39. "Villages" in this case refers to settlements that are not part of a sum, see p. 37</ref> Another share of the population lives in the sum centers.

{{Largest cities of Mongolia}}

 

{{Main|Economy of Mongolia}}

[[File:UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg|thumb|Capital [[Ulan Bator]] is the hub of most domestic and international trade and relations]]

Mongolia was never listed among the [[Emerging markets]] countries until February 2011 when [[Citigroup]] analysts determined Mongolia to be one of [[3G (countries)|Global Growth Generators]] countries which being countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.<ref>FORGET THE BRICs: Citi's Willem Buiter Presents The 11 "3G" Countries That Will Win The Future http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1</ref> The [[Mongolian Stock Exchange]], established in 1991 in Ulan Bator, is among the world's smallest [[stock exchange]]s by [[market capitalisation]].<ref name="Jeffs">{{cite news|url=http://www.efinancialnews.com/content/1047180747|title=Mongolia earns a sporting chance with fledgling operation |last=Jeffs |first=Luke |date=2007-02-12 |accessdate=2007-09-11 |work=Dow Jones Financial News Online}}</ref><ref name="IHT">{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php|date=2006-09-19 |accessdate=2007-09-11 |title=Mongolian bourse seeks foreign investment |last=Cheng |first=Patricia |work=International Herald-Tribune}}</ref> In 2011, it had 336 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$2 billion after quadrupling from US$406 million in 2008.<ref>http://www.mse.mn/doc/factbook/fact%20book%202010.pdf</ref>

 

[[File:Oyu Tolgoi 23.JPG|thumb|[[Oyu Tolgoi]] employs 18,000 workers and will be producing 450,000 tonnes of copper a year by 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Mongolian copper - Halfway to where? - A massive mining project hits a snag|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21531499|publisher=The Economist}}</ref>]]

Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%.<ref name="econ-mam"/> About 3,000 mining licences have been issued.<ref name="econ-mam"/> Mining is continuing to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms opening and starting mining business in Mongolia.<ref name="factbook-mn"/>

In summer 2009 the government negotiated an “Investment Agreement” with [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]] and [[Ivanhoe Mines]] to develop the [[Oyu Tolgoi]] copper and gold deposit,<ref name=stategov/> the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia, expected to account for one-third of Mongolia’s GDP by 2020.<ref name="econ-mam"/> In March 2011, six big mining companies prepared to bid for the [[Tavan Tolgoi]] area, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. According to Erdenes MGL, the government body in-charge of Tavan Tolgoi, [[ArcelorMittal]], [[Vale (mining company)|Vale]], [[Xstrata]], U.S. coal miner [[Peabody Energy|Peabody]], a consortium of Chinese energy firm [[Shenhua Group|Shenhua]] and Japan's [[Mitsui & Co]], and a separate consortium of Japanese, South Korean and Russian firms are the preferred bidders.<ref>Jin, Hyunjoo and David Stanway, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/07/mongolia-tolgoi-idUSL3E7E70CI20110307 "UPDATE 6-ArcelorMittal, Vale vie for huge Mongolia coal mine"], ''Reuters'', Mar 7, 2011 3:56am EST. Retrieved 2011-08-16.</ref>

 

{{main|Agriculture in Mongolia}}

In 2002, about 30% of all households in Mongolia lived from breeding lifestock.<ref>[http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf National Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2002], pp. 43, 151</ref> Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern of [[nomads|nomadic]] or semi-nomadic [[pastoralism]]. Due to the severe 2009-2010 winter, Mongolia lost 9.7 million animals, or 22% of total livestock. This immediately affected meat prices, which increased twofold; GDP dropped 1.6% in 2009.<ref name=stategov/>

 

[[File:Zamyn Uud traders.jpg|thumb|Train in [[Zamyn-Üüd]] station in [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi aimag]]]]

{{Main|Transportation in Mongolia}}

Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese border, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millenium Road), and from Darkhan to [[Bulgan (city)|Bulgan]]. A number of road construction projects are currently underway.

 

{{Main|Politics of Mongolia}}

[[File:Elbegdorj-2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], current [[President of Mongolia]].]]

The [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] is nominated by the [[prime minister]] in consultation with the president and confirmed by the [[State Great Khural]].

 

{{Main|Foreign relations of Mongolia}}

[[File:SA-7 MANPADS.JPG|thumb|A Mongolian soldier, with an [[Strela 2|SA-7]] [[man-portable air-defense system]] on the Pacific Alaskan Range Complex during Red Flag-Alaska 07-3 in [[Alaska]], [[United States]].]]

Mongolia has embassies in [[Almaty]], [[Ankara]], [[Bangkok]], [[Berlin]], [[Beijing]], [[Brussels]], [[Budapest]], [[Cairo]], [[Canberra]], [[Warsaw]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Vienna]], [[Vientiane]], [[Havana]], [[Delhi]], [[Kuwait City]], [[London]], [[Moscow]], [[Ottawa]], [[Paris]], [[Prague]], [[Pyongyang]], [[Seoul]], [[Sofia]], [[Stockholm]], [[Tokyo]], [[Hanoi]], and [[Singapore]], a consulate in [[Irkutsk]] and [[Ulan-Ude]], and diplomatic missions to the [[United Nations]] in [[New York City]] and in [[Geneva]].<ref>[http://www.ulanbator.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemid=941 Ulanbator<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

 

{{main|Mongolian Armed Forces}}

Mongolia supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each to [[Iraq]]. About 130 troops are currently deployed in [[Afghanistan]]. 200 Mongolian troops are serving in [[Sierra Leone]] on a UN mandate to protect the UN's [[Special Court for Sierra Leone|special court]] set up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a [[battalion]] to [[Chad]] in support of [[MINURCAT]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=1312 |title=Ban Ki-Moon on press conference in Ulaanbaatar, July 27th, 2009 |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourgish contingent in [[Kosovo]]. On November 21, 2005, [[George W. Bush]] became the first-ever sitting [[U.S. President]] to visit Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mongolia.usembassy.gov/potus_visit.html |title=President George W. Bush Visits Mongolia |publisher=US embassy in Mongolia, 2005}}</ref> In 2004, under the Bulgarian chairmanship, The [[Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), invited Mongolia as its newest Asian Partner. In August, 2011, [[U.S. vice president]] [[Joe Biden]] made the first visit by a sitting vice president to Mongolia since [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]] toured the region in 1944.<ref>Robb, Greg, [http://blogs.marketwatch.com/thetell/2011/08/16/the-subtleties-of-bidens-trip-to-mongolia/ "The subtleties of Biden’s trip to Mongolia"], ''[[MarketWatch]]'', August 16, 2011, 11:10 AM EDT. Retrieved 2011-08-16.</ref>

 

{{Main|Culture of Mongolia}}

[[File:Naadam.jpg|thumb|Riders during [[Naadam]] [[festival]]]]

The ornate symbol in the leftmost bar of the national flag is a Buddhist icon called [[Soyombo symbol|Soyombo]]. It represents the sun, moon, stars, and heavens per standard cosmological symbology abstracted from that seen in traditional [[thangka]] paintings.

 

Mongolia's [[Naadam]] festival takes place over three days in the summer and includes [[horse racing]], [[archery]], and [[Mongolian wrestling]]. These three sports, traditionally recognized as the three primary masculine activities, are the most widely watched and practiced sports throughout the country.

 

Several Mongolian women have excelled in [[shooting sports|pistol shooting]]: [[Otryadyn Gündegmaa]] is a silver medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games, [[Munkhbayar Dorjsuren]] is a double world champion and Olympic bronze medal winner (now representing [[Germany]]), while [[Tsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzul]] is, as of May 2007, ranked third in the world in the [[25 m Pistol]] event.<ref>{{cite web | title = World ranking: 25 m Pistol Women | url = http://www.issf-shooting.org/update/worldranking.asp?mode=allbyevent&event=SP | publisher = [[International Shooting Sport Federation]] | date = 2007-05-29 | accessdate = 2007-06-04|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070425032544/http://www.issf-shooting.org/update/worldranking.asp?mode=allbyevent&event=SP |archivedate = April 25, 2007}}</ref>

 

{{Main|Architecture of Mongolia}}

[[File:Gurvger.jpg|thumb|left|A [[yurt|''ger'']] in front of the [[Gurvan Saikhan Uul|Gurvan Saikhan Mountains]]]]

Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian, [[Tibetan architecture|Tibetan]] and [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] as well as combinations of the three. Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed by [[Zanabazar]]. An example of the ''ger''-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar. The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the [[Erdene Zuu]] lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition. An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today. The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulan Bator is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition. The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.<ref name="Chultem" /> Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the {{convert|80|ft|m}} sculpture of Maitreya.

 

{{Main|Music of Mongolia}}

[[File:Mongolian Musician.jpg|thumb|upright|Musician playing the traditional Mongolian musical instrument [[morin khuur]]]]

By that time, the environment for development of artistic thought had become largely liberal thanks to the new democratic society in the country. The 1990s saw development of rap, techno, hip-hop and also boy bands and girl bands flourish at the turn of the millennium.

 

{{Main|Media of Mongolia}}

[[File:Mongolia media.jpg|thumb|left|Mongolian media interviewing the opposition [[Mongolian Green Party]]. The media has gained significant freedoms since democratic reforms initiated in the 1990s.]]

On May 20, 2012, a rare skeleton of a Tarbosaurus bataar, also known as [[Tyrannosaurus bataar]], was sold to an undisclosed buyer for $1,052,500 at an auction in [[New York City]], [[USA]], despite efforts by Mongolian President Elbegdorj Tsakhia to stop the sale. The Mongolian government is concerned about maintaining control over [[fossil]]s and cultural [[relic]]s while scientists worry about such items disappearing into private collections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/21/us/dino-auction-dispute/index.html?iref=allsearch|title=Mongolia tries to stop sale of rare dinosaur fossil|author=Michael Pearson|publisher=© 2012 Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. All Rights Reserved|date=2012-05-21|accessdate=2012-05-22}}</ref>

 

 

During the state socialist period, education was one of the areas of significant achievement in Mongolia. Illiteracy was virtually eliminated, in part through the use of seasonal boarding schools for children of nomadic families. Funding to these boarding schools was cut in the 1990s, contributing to slightly increased illiteracy.

The broad liberalization of the 1990s led to a boom in private institutions of higher education, although many of these establishments have difficulty living up to their name of "college" or "university".{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

 

Since 1990, key health indicators like life expectancy and [[infant mortality|infant]] and [[child mortality]] have steadily improved, both due to social changes and to improvement in the health sector. However, serious problems remain, especially in the countryside.<ref>[http://www.nso.mn/mdg/eng_goals4.htm The National Statistical Office of Mongolia: Goal 4 – Reduce Child Mortality]{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref>

 

The health sector comprises 17 specialized hospitals and centers, 4 regional diagnostic and treatment centers, 9 district and 21 aimag general hospitals, 323 soum hospitals, 18 feldsher posts, 233 family group practices, and 536 private hospitals and 57 drug supply companies/pharmacies. In 2002 the total number of health workers was 33,273, of which 6823 were doctors, 788 pharmacists, 7802 nurses, and 14,091 mid-level personnel. At present, there are 27.7 physicians and 75.7 hospital beds per 10,000 inhabitants.

 

{{portal|Central Asia|Mongolia}}

{{Wikipedia books|Mongolia}}

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{{Reflist|30em}}

 

* {{Cite book|last=Ling|first=Elaine|url=http://www.lodimapress.com/html/elaine_ling.html|title=Mongolia: Land of the Deer Stone|year=2010|publisher=Lodima Press|isbn=978-1-888899-02-6{{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (6) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}}}

* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Mongolia ''Mongolia''], Encyclopædia Britannica

* {{Loc}}

 

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