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បន្ទាត់ទី៧៥៖
{{Main|History of Mongolia}}
 
=== បុរេប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រនិងបុរាណសម័យ ===
[[Fileឯកសារ:DeerstoneMGL.jpg|thumb|left|Deer stones in Mongolia]]
Sites such as ''Tsagaan Agui'' (White Cave) in [[Bayankhongor Province]] show that [[Homo erectus]] inhabited Mongolia from 800,000 years ago.<ref>P. Jeffrey Brantingham, Steven L. Kuhn, Kristopher W. Kerry-The early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe, p.207</ref> Modern humans reached Mongolia approximately 40,000 years ago during the [[Upper Paleolithic]]. The ''Khoid Tsenkher Cave''<ref name="Novgorodova">Eleanora Novgorodova, Archäologische Funde, Ausgrabungsstätten und Skulpturen, in ''Mongolen (catalogue)'', pp. 14–20</ref> in [[Khovd Province]] shows lively pink, brown and red ochre paintings (20,000 years ago) of mammoths, lynx, bactrian camels and ostriches, earning it the nickname "the [[Lascaux]] of Mongolia". The [[Mal'ta Venus]] (21,000 years ago) testifies to the level of Upper Paleolithic art in northern Mongolia, though Mal'ta is now part of Russia.
 
បន្ទាត់ទី៨៧៖
The vast Xiongnu empire (209 BC-93 AD) was followed by the Mongolic [[Xianbei state|Xianbei empire]] (93–234) which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic [[Rouran]] Khaganate (330–555), of [[Xianbei]] provenance, ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the [[Göktürks]] (555–745) whose empire was even bigger (laid siege to [[Panticapaeum]], present-day [[Kerch]], in 576). They were succeeded by the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] (745–840) who were defeated by the Kyrgyz. The Mongolic [[Khitan people|Khitans]], also descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the [[Liao Dynasty]] (907–1125) after which the [[Khamag Mongol]] (1125–1206) rose to prominence.
 
=== មជ្ឈិមសម័យមកដល់ឯករាជ្យ ===
{{Main|Mongol Empire}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:Mongols-map.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Asia|This map shows the boundary of 13th century [[Mongol Empire]] compared to today's [[Mongols]].]]
In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes (belonging to the [[Shiwei]] branch of the Mongolic [[Xianbei]]) between [[Manchuria]] and the [[Altai Mountains]]. In 1206, he took the title [[Genghis Khan#Name and title|Genghis Khan]], and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of [[Asia]], and forming the [[Mongol Empire]], the largest contiguous land [[empire]] in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day [[Poland]] in the west to [[Korea]] in the east, and from [[Siberia]] in the north to the [[Gulf of Oman]] and [[Vietnam]] in the south, covering some {{convert|33000000|km2}},<ref name="EarthRule">http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html</ref> (22% of Earth's total land area) and having a population of over 100 million people. The emergence of [[Pax Mongolica]] also significantly eased [[trade]] and [[commerce]] across [[Asia]] during its height.<ref>Gregory G.Guzman – Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?, The historian 50 (1988), pp.568–70</ref><ref>Thomas T.Allsen – Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.211</ref>
 
After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms or [[Khanate]]s which eventually became quasi-independent after [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]]'s death in 1259. One of the khanates, the "Great Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and [[History of China|China]], became the [[Yuan Dynasty]] under [[Kublai Khan]], the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present day [[Beijing]] but after more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the [[Ming Dynasty]] in 1368, with the Mongol court fleeing to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital [[Karakorum]] among a few other cities, although some of these attempts were repelled by the Mongols under [[Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara|Ayushridar]] and his general [[Köke Temür]].
 
[[Fileឯកសារ:Altan Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Altan Khan]] (1507-1582) founded the city of [[Hohhot]], helped introduce Buddhism and originated the title of [[Dalai Lama]]]]
[[Fileឯកសារ:Tsogtiin_tsagaan_baishin.JPG|thumb|left|Castle built in northern Mongolia by [[Tsogt Taij]] in 1601.]]
After the expulsion of the [[Yuan Dynasty]] rulers from China, the Mongols continued to rule Mongolia, also referred to as the [[Northern Yuan]]. The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-Genghisid [[Oirats|Oirads]], as well as by several Chinese invasions (like the five expeditions led by the [[Yongle Emperor]]). In the early 15th century, the Oirads under [[Esen Tayisi]] gained the upper hand, and even raided China in 1449 in a [[Tumu Crisis|conflict]] over Esen's right to pay tribute, capturing the Ming [[Zhengtong Emperor|emperor]] in the process. However, Esen was murdered in 1454, and the [[Borjigid]]s recovered.
 
[[Batumöngke Dayan Khan]] and his [[khatun]] [[Mandukhai]] reunited the entire Mongol nation under the Genghisids in the early 16th century. In the mid-16th century, [[Altan Khan]] of the Tümed, a grandson of [[Dayan Khan]] – but no legitimate Khan himself – became powerful. He founded [[Hohhot]] in 1557 and his meeting with the [[Dalai Lama]] in 1578 sparked the second introduction of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] to Mongolia. Abtai Khan of the [[Khalkha]] converted to Buddhism and founded the [[Erdene Zuu]] monastery in 1585. His grandson [[Zanabazar]] became the first [[Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] in 1640.
 
[[Fileឯកសារ:Oirat Caravan.jpg|thumb|left|An image of an early 20th century [[Oirats|Oirat]] caravan, traveling on horseback, possibly to trade goods.]]
The last Mongol Khan was [[Ligden Khan]] in the early 17th century. He got into conflicts with the [[Manchu people|ManchuManchus]]s over the looting of Chinese cities, and managed to alienate most Mongol tribes. He died in 1634 on his way to [[Tibet]], in an attempt to evade the Manchus and destroy the [[Gelugpa|Yellow Hat sect of Buddhism]]. By 1636, most [[Inner Mongolia]]n tribes had submitted to the [[Manchu people|ManchuManchus]]s, who founded the [[Qing Dynasty]]. The [[Khalkha]] eventually submitted to Qing rule in 1691, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under [[Beijing]]'s rule. After several wars, the [[Dzungars]] (the western Mongols or Oirats) were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1757–58.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313790/Kazakhstan/214566/History#ref=ref598970 Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 600,000 or more Dzungars were destroyed by a combination of disease and warfare.<ref>[http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf Michael Edmund Clarke, ''In the Eye of Power'' (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37] {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5wQnNChmw|date =2011-02-11}}</ref> Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. The [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] of Mongolia had immense ''de-facto'' authority. The Manchus also forbade mass Chinese immigration, allowing the Mongols to keep their culture.
 
Until 1911, the Qing Dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures. [[Amban]]s, Manchu "high officials", were installed in [[Ulaanbaatar|Khüree]], [[Uliastai]], and [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]], and the country was subdivided into ever more feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms. Over the course of the 19th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behaviour of Mongolia's nobility, together with the [[usury|usurious]] practices of the Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in poverty becoming ever more rampant.
 
=== ក្រោយឯករាជ្យ ===
[[Fileឯកសារ:BogdKhan.jpg|thumb|upright|The eighth [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]]]]
With the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia under the [[Bogd Khaan]] declared independence in 1911. However, the newly established [[Republic of China]] considered Mongolia to be part of its own territory. The area controlled by the Bogd Khaan was approximately that of the former [[Outer Mongolia]] during the Qing period. In 1919, after the [[October Revolution]] in Russia, Chinese troops led by [[Xu Shuzheng]] occupied Mongolia.
 
បន្ទាត់ទី១១២៖
 
In 1924, after the death of the religious leader and king [[Bogd Khan]], a [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was proclaimed with support from the [[Soviet Union]].
[[Fileឯកសារ:Sukhe-bator.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Damdin Sükhbaatar]], ca 1920–1922]]
 
In 1928, [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] rose to power. He instituted [[collectivisation]] of livestock, the destruction of [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[monastery|monasteries]] and the [[Mongolia's enemies of the people persecution]] resulting in the murder of [[monk]]s and other people. In Mongolia during the 1920s, approximately one third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the 20th century, about 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia.<ref>[http://www.orientmag.com/8-30.htm Mongolia: The Bhudda and the Khan]. Orient Magazine.</ref> The [[Great Purge|Stalinist purges in Mongolia]] that began in 1937 affected the Republic by killing more than 30,000 people. Japanese imperialism became even more alarming after the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|invasion of neighboring Manchuria]] in 1931. During the [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol|Soviet-Japanese Border War]] of 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against [[Japan]]ese expansionism.
បន្ទាត់ទី១២៤៖
== ភូមិសាស្ត្រនិងអាកាសធាតុ ==
{{Main|Geography of Mongolia|Climate of Mongolia|Mongolian-Manchurian grassland}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:Mongolia 1996 CIA map.jpg|thumb|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert]], while the northern and western portions are mountainous.]]
[[Fileឯកសារ:KhongorynElsCamels.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bactrian camels]] by sand dunes in Gobi Desert.]]
At {{convert|1564116|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}},<ref>CIA World Factbook [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html ''countries by area'']
</ref> Mongolia is the world's 19th-largest country (after [[Iran]]). It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, [[Peru]]. It mostly lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[52nd parallel north|52°N]] (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes [[87th meridian east|87°]] and [[120th meridian east|120°E]].
បន្ទាត់ទី១៣១៖
The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the [[Gobi Desert]] to the south and with cold and mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of [[steppe]]s. The highest point in Mongolia is the [[Khüiten Peak]] in the [[Tavan bogd]] massif in the far west at {{convert|4374|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The basin of the [[Uvs Lake]], shared with [[Tuva Republic]] in [[Russia]], is a natural [[World Heritage Site]]. Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as {{convert|-30|°C}}.<ref name=mong26>{{cite web |author=|year=2004|url=http://www.imcg.net/gpd/asia/mongolia.pdf|format=PDF|title=Republic of Mongolia|publisher=|accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref>
 
The country is also subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as ''[[zud]]''. The annual average temperature in Ulan Bator is 0&nbsp;°C, making it the world's coldest capital city.<ref name=mong26/> Mongolia is high, cold, and windy. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls. The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure. Precipitation is highest in the north (average of {{convert|200|to|350|mm|in|1|sp=us}} per year) and lowest in the south, which receives {{convert|100|to|200|mm|in|1|sp=us}} annually. The highest annual precipitation of 622.297mm occurred in the forests of [[Bulgan Province]] close to the border with Russia and the lowest of 41.735mm occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961-1990).<ref>[http://gis.wwf.mn/En/index.php/national-gis/annual-average-temperature-and-precipitation-of-mongolia.html# Annual average temperature and precipitation of Mongolia]. UNDP Mongolia.</ref> The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages 600mm in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than [[Beijing]] (571.8mm) or [[Berlin]] (571mm).
 
The name "Gobi" is a Mongol term for a desert steppe, which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support [[marmot]]s but with enough to support [[camel]]s. Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape. Gobi rangelands are fragile and are easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even [[Bactrian camel]]s can survive.
បន្ទាត់ទី១៣៨៖
<!-- please add other images to Commons -->
{{Main|Demographics of Mongolia}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:Ulaanbaatar Bayangol.JPG|thumb|Apartment complexes in [[Bayangol, Ulan Bator|Bayangol]] [[district]] in [[Ulaanbaatar]]]]
[[Fileឯកសារ:YurtnederzettingUlaanbaator.jpg|thumb|In settlements, many families live in [[yurt quarter|''ger'' quarters]]]]
Mongolia's total population as of July 2007 is estimated by [[U.S. Census Bureau]]<ref name="US Census">[http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/country/mgportal.html U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base]{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref> at 2,951,786 people, ranking at around 138th in the world in terms of population. But the [[U.S. Department of State]] [[Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs]] uses the [[U.N.]] estimations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm |title=U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. Background Note:Mongolia |publisher=State.gov |date=2010-02-28 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> instead of the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimations. [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] Population Division<ref name="UN DESA PD">[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf World Population Prospects]
The 2006 Revision Highlights</ref> estimates Mongolia's total population (mid 2007) as 2,629,000 (11% less than the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] figure). UN estimates resemble those made by the Mongolian National Statistical Office (2,612,900, end of June 2007). Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.2% (2007 est.).<ref name="UN DESA PD" /> About 59% of the total population is under age 30, 27% of whom are under 14. This relatively young and growing population has placed strains on Mongolia's economy.
បន្ទាត់ទី១៧៨៖
Deaf people in Mongolia use [[Mongolian Sign Language]].
 
=== សាសនា ===
According to the National Census 2010, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 53% were Buddhists, and 39% were Atheists:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right;"
|-
|+ Religions in Mongolia<br /><small>(population aged 15 and above)<ref name="Religion2010">[http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf National Census 2010 Preliminary results] (in Mongolian])</ref></small>
|-
! Religion !! Population!! Share<br />%
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || 1,009,357 || 53.0
បន្ទាត់ទី២៣៨៖
}}
 
=== ទីក្រុងសំខាន់ៗ ===
{{Main|List of cities in Mongolia}}
About 40% of the population lives in [[Ulaanbaatar]], and in 2002 a further 23% lived in [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], [[Erdenet]], the [[aimags of Mongolia|aimag]] centers and [[sums of Mongolia|sum]]-level permanent settlements.<ref>[http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf National Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2002], p. 39. "Villages" in this case refers to settlements that are not part of a sum, see p. 37</ref> Another share of the population lives in the sum centers.
បន្ទាត់ទី២៤៥៖
== សេដ្ឋកិច្ច ==
{{Main|Economy of Mongolia}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg|thumb|Capital [[Ulan Bator]] is the hub of most domestic and international trade and relations]]
Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on herding and agriculture, although development of extensive mineral deposits of copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold have emerged as a driver of industrial production.<ref name=stategov>{{cite web|title=Background Note: Mongolia|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm|publisher=Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs}}</ref> Besides mining (21.8% of GDP) and agriculture (16% of GDP), dominant industries in the composition of GDP are wholesale and retail trade and service, transportation and storage, and real estate activities.<ref name=stategov/> The [[grey economy]] is estimated to be at least one-third the size of the official economy.<ref name=stategov/> As of 2006, 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to the PRC, and the PRC supplied 29.8% of Mongolia's imports.<ref>Morris Rossabi, [http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=408&issue_id=3322&article_id=2369703 ''Beijing's growing politico-economic leverage over Ulaanbaatar''], The Jamestown Foundation, 2005-05-05, . Retrieved 2007-05-29.</ref>
 
បន្ទាត់ទី២៥៤៖
Mongolia was never listed among the [[Emerging markets]] countries until February 2011 when [[Citigroup]] analysts determined Mongolia to be one of [[3G (countries)|Global Growth Generators]] countries which being countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.<ref>FORGET THE BRICs: Citi's Willem Buiter Presents The 11 "3G" Countries That Will Win The Future http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1</ref> The [[Mongolian Stock Exchange]], established in 1991 in Ulan Bator, is among the world's smallest [[stock exchange]]s by [[market capitalisation]].<ref name="Jeffs">{{cite news|url=http://www.efinancialnews.com/content/1047180747|title=Mongolia earns a sporting chance with fledgling operation |last=Jeffs |first=Luke |date=2007-02-12 |accessdate=2007-09-11 |work=Dow Jones Financial News Online}}</ref><ref name="IHT">{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php|date=2006-09-19 |accessdate=2007-09-11 |title=Mongolian bourse seeks foreign investment |last=Cheng |first=Patricia |work=International Herald-Tribune}}</ref> In 2011, it had 336 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$2 billion after quadrupling from US$406 million in 2008.<ref>http://www.mse.mn/doc/factbook/fact%20book%202010.pdf</ref>
 
=== ឧស្សាហកម្មរ៉ែ ===
[[Fileឯកសារ:Oyu Tolgoi 23.JPG|thumb|[[Oyu Tolgoi]] employs 18,000 workers and will be producing 450,000 tonnes of copper a year by 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Mongolian copper - Halfway to where? - A massive mining project hits a snag|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21531499|publisher=The Economist}}</ref>]]
Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%.<ref name="econ-mam"/> About 3,000 mining licences have been issued.<ref name="econ-mam"/> Mining is continuing to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms opening and starting mining business in Mongolia.<ref name="factbook-mn"/>
 
In summer 2009 the government negotiated an “Investment Agreement” with [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]] and [[Ivanhoe Mines]] to develop the [[Oyu Tolgoi]] copper and gold deposit,<ref name=stategov/> the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia, expected to account for one-third of Mongolia’s GDP by 2020.<ref name="econ-mam"/> In March 2011, six big mining companies prepared to bid for the [[Tavan Tolgoi]] area, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. According to Erdenes MGL, the government body in-charge of Tavan Tolgoi, [[ArcelorMittal]], [[Vale (mining company)|Vale]], [[Xstrata]], U.S. coal miner [[Peabody Energy|Peabody]], a consortium of Chinese energy firm [[Shenhua Group|Shenhua]] and Japan's [[Mitsui & Co]], and a separate consortium of Japanese, South Korean and Russian firms are the preferred bidders.<ref>Jin, Hyunjoo and David Stanway, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/07/mongolia-tolgoi-idUSL3E7E70CI20110307 "UPDATE 6-ArcelorMittal, Vale vie for huge Mongolia coal mine"], ''Reuters'', Mar 7, 2011 3:56am EST. Retrieved 2011-08-16.</ref>
 
=== កសិកម្ម ===
{{main|Agriculture in Mongolia}}
In 2002, about 30% of all households in Mongolia lived from breeding lifestock.<ref>[http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf National Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2002], pp. 43, 151</ref> Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern of [[nomads|nomadic]] or semi-nomadic [[pastoralism]]. Due to the severe 2009-2010 winter, Mongolia lost 9.7 million animals, or 22% of total livestock. This immediately affected meat prices, which increased twofold; GDP dropped 1.6% in 2009.<ref name=stategov/>
 
=== ដំណឹកជញ្ជូន ===
[[Fileឯកសារ:Zamyn Uud traders.jpg|thumb|Train in [[Zamyn-Üüd]] station in [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi aimag]]]]
{{Main|Transportation in Mongolia}}
The [[Trans-Mongolian Railway]] is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors. It begins at the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] in Russia at the town of [[Ulan-Ude]], crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, then passes into China at [[Erenhot]] where it joins the Chinese railway system. A separate railroad link connects the eastern city of [[Choibalsan (city)|Choibalsan]] with the Trans-Siberian Railway. However, that link is closed to passengers after the Mongolian town of Chuluunkhoroot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mongolia/eastern-mongolia/choibalsan/transport/getting-there-away |title=Lonely Planet Mongolia: Choibalsan transport |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
បន្ទាត់ទី២៧៣៖
Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese border, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millenium Road), and from Darkhan to [[Bulgan (city)|Bulgan]]. A number of road construction projects are currently underway.
 
== នយោបាយ ==
{{Main|Politics of Mongolia}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:Elbegdorj-2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], current [[President of Mongolia]].]]
Mongolia is a [[parliamentary]] [[republic]]. The parliament is elected by the people and in turn elects the government. The president is elected directly. Mongolia's [[Constitution of Mongolia|constitution]] guarantees full [[freedom of expression]], religion, and gives other freedoms. Mongolia has a number of political parties, the biggest ones being the [[Mongolian People's Party]] (MPP or MPRP) and the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] (DP).
 
បន្ទាត់ទី២៨២៖
The [[President of Mongolia]] has a largely symbolic role, but can block the Parliament's decisions. The parliament, in response, can then overrule the veto by a two-thirds majority vote. Mongolia's [[constitution]] provides three requirements for taking office as [[president]]; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years of age, and have resided in Mongolia for five years prior to taking office. The president is also required to formally resign his or her party membership. The current president is [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], a former two-time prime minister and member of the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]. He was elected as president on May 24, 2009 and inaugurated on June 18.
 
[[Fileឯកសារ:President Putin meeting deputies of the Great State Hural-1.jpg|thumb|left|[[State Great Khural]] chamber in session]]
Mongolia uses a [[unicameral]] [[parliamentary system]] in which the [[president]] has a symbolic role and the government chosen by the legislature exercises executive power. The legislative arm, the [[State Great Khural]], has one chamber with 76 seats and is chaired by the speaker of the house. It elects its members every four years by general elections. The State Great Khural is powerful in the Mongolian government with the president being largely symbolic and the prime minister being chosen by the parliament from among its own membership.
 
បន្ទាត់ទី២៨៩៖
The [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] is nominated by the [[prime minister]] in consultation with the president and confirmed by the [[State Great Khural]].
 
=== ទំនាក់ទំនងបរទេស ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Mongolia}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:SA-7 MANPADS.JPG|thumb|A Mongolian soldier, with an [[Strela 2|SA-7]] [[man-portable air-defense system]] on the Pacific Alaskan Range Complex during Red Flag-Alaska 07-3 in [[Alaska]], [[United States]].]]
 
Mongolia maintains positive relations and has diplomatic missions in many countries such as [[Russia]], the [[People's Republic of China]], [[India]], [[North Korea|North]] and [[South Korea]], [[Japan]], and the [[United States]]. The government has focused a great deal on encouraging foreign investments and trade.
បន្ទាត់ទី២៩៧៖
Mongolia has embassies in [[Almaty]], [[Ankara]], [[Bangkok]], [[Berlin]], [[Beijing]], [[Brussels]], [[Budapest]], [[Cairo]], [[Canberra]], [[Warsaw]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Vienna]], [[Vientiane]], [[Havana]], [[Delhi]], [[Kuwait City]], [[London]], [[Moscow]], [[Ottawa]], [[Paris]], [[Prague]], [[Pyongyang]], [[Seoul]], [[Sofia]], [[Stockholm]], [[Tokyo]], [[Hanoi]], and [[Singapore]], a consulate in [[Irkutsk]] and [[Ulan-Ude]], and diplomatic missions to the [[United Nations]] in [[New York City]] and in [[Geneva]].<ref>[http://www.ulanbator.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemid=941 Ulanbator<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
=== យោធា ===
{{main|Mongolian Armed Forces}}
Mongolia supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each to [[Iraq]]. About 130 troops are currently deployed in [[Afghanistan]]. 200 Mongolian troops are serving in [[Sierra Leone]] on a UN mandate to protect the UN's [[Special Court for Sierra Leone|special court]] set up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a [[battalion]] to [[Chad]] in support of [[MINURCAT]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=1312 |title=Ban Ki-Moon on press conference in Ulaanbaatar, July 27th, 2009 |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
បន្ទាត់ទី៣០៥៖
== វប្បធម៌ ==
{{Main|Culture of Mongolia}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:Naadam.jpg|thumb|Riders during [[Naadam]] [[festival]]]]
[[Fileឯកសារ:Naadamceremony2006.jpg|thumb|left|[[Naadam]] is the largest summer celebration]]
The main festival is [[Naadam]], which has been organised for centuries, consists of three Mongolian traditional sports, [[archery]], horse-racing (over long stretches of open country, not the short racing around a track practiced in the West), and wrestling. Nowadays it is held on July 11 to July 13 in the honour of the anniversaries of the National Democratic Revolution and foundation of the Great Mongol State. Another very popular activity called Shagaa is the "flicking" of sheep ankle bones at a target several feet away, using a flicking motion of the finger to send the small bone flying at targets and trying to knock the target bones off the platform. This contest at Naadam is very popular and develops a serious audience among older Mongolians.
In Mongolia, the [[Tuvan throat singing#Khoomei|khoomei]] (or throat singing), style of music is popular, particularly in parts of Western Mongolia.
បន្ទាត់ទី៣១២៖
The ornate symbol in the leftmost bar of the national flag is a Buddhist icon called [[Soyombo symbol|Soyombo]]. It represents the sun, moon, stars, and heavens per standard cosmological symbology abstracted from that seen in traditional [[thangka]] paintings.
 
=== កីឡា ===
Mongolia's [[Naadam]] festival takes place over three days in the summer and includes [[horse racing]], [[archery]], and [[Mongolian wrestling]]. These three sports, traditionally recognized as the three primary masculine activities, are the most widely watched and practiced sports throughout the country.
 
បន្ទាត់ទី៣១៩៖
Other sports such as table tennis, basketball, and association football are increasingly getting popular. More Mongolian table tennis players are competing internationally.
 
[[Fileឯកសារ:WrestlingHouse.JPG|thumb|left|[[Bökhiin Örgöö]], main arena of the [[Mongolian wrestling]] in [[Ulaanbaatar]]]]
[[Fileឯកសារ:Mongolian warriors.jpg|thumb|Mongolian wrestling is a common sport]]
Wrestling is the most popular of all Mongol sports. It is the highlight of the Three Manly Games of Naadam. Historians claim that Mongol-style wrestling originated some seven thousand years ago. Hundreds of wrestlers from different cities and aimags around the country take part in the national wrestling competition.
 
បន្ទាត់ទី៣៣៩៖
=== ស្ថាបត្យកម្ម ===
{{Main|Architecture of Mongolia}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:Gurvger.jpg|thumb|left|A [[yurt|''ger'']] in front of the [[Gurvan Saikhan Uul|Gurvan Saikhan Mountains]]]]
[[Fileឯកសារ:Gandan Monastery 26.JPG|thumb|[[Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery]] has many [[Buddhist]] architecture temples]]
[[Fileឯកសារ:Opera house Ulan Bator 3103523806 e339241503 o.jpg|thumb|[[National Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet of Mongolia|Ulaanbaatar Opera House]]]]
 
The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a ''ger''. In the past it was known by the Russian term ''yurt'', but this is changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known among English-speaking countries. According to Mongolian artist and art critic [[N. Chultem]], the ''ger'' was the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture. In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country. Many of them started as ''ger''-temples. When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angles{{clarify|r=is sides or corners meant?|date=April 2011}} with pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of a ''ger''. Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples. The roofs were made in the shape of marquees.<ref name="Chultem">{{cite book | authorlink = N. Chultem | title = Искусство Монголии | year= 1984 | location = Moscow}}</ref> The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cultural Heritage of Mongolia | url = http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/heritage.htm | publisher = [[Indiana University]] | accessdate = 2007-07-07|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070702015556/http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/heritage.htm |archivedate = July 2, 2007}}</ref>
បន្ទាត់ទី៣៤៩៖
=== តន្ត្រី ===
{{Main|Music of Mongolia}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:Mongolian Musician.jpg|thumb|upright|Musician playing the traditional Mongolian musical instrument [[morin khuur]]]]
The music of Mongolia is strongly influenced by nature, nomadism, shamanism, and also Tibetan Buddhism. The traditional music includes a variety of instruments, famously the [[morin khuur]], and also the singing styles like the [[Long song|urtyn duu]] ("long song"), and throat-singing ([[Tuvan throat singing#Khoomei|khoomei]]). The "tsam" is danced to keep away evil spirits and it was seen the reminiscences of shamaning.
 
បន្ទាត់ទី៣៦០៖
=== ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយ ===
{{Main|Media of Mongolia}}
[[Fileឯកសារ:Mongolia media.jpg|thumb|left|Mongolian media interviewing the opposition [[Mongolian Green Party]]. The media has gained significant freedoms since democratic reforms initiated in the 1990s.]]
Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the [[Soviet Union]] under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the ''Unen'' ("Truth") newspaper similar to the Soviet ''[[Pravda]]''.<ref name=pr>[http://www.pressreference.com/Ma-No/Mongolia.html Mongolia media], ''Press reference''.</ref> Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed.<ref name=pr/> The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the [[Single-party state|one-party state]] grew into a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] [[democracy]], and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.
 
បន្ទាត់ទី៣៨៩៖
The health sector comprises 17 specialized hospitals and centers, 4 regional diagnostic and treatment centers, 9 district and 21 aimag general hospitals, 323 soum hospitals, 18 feldsher posts, 233 family group practices, and 536 private hospitals and 57 drug supply companies/pharmacies. In 2002 the total number of health workers was 33,273, of which 6823 were doctors, 788 pharmacists, 7802 nurses, and 14,091 mid-level personnel. At present, there are 27.7 physicians and 75.7 hospital beds per 10,000 inhabitants.
 
== មើលផងដែរ ==
{{portal|Central Asia|Mongolia}}
{{Wikipedia books|Mongolia}}
បន្ទាត់ទី៤៣៣៖
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