ម៉ុងហ្គោលី៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា
ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានលុបចោល ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានសរសេរបន្ថែម
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បន្ទាត់ទី១២៩៖
</ref> Mongolia is the world's 19th-largest country (after [[Iran]]). It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, [[Peru]]. It mostly lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[52nd parallel north|52°N]] (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes [[87th meridian east|87°]] and [[120th meridian east|120°E]].
The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the [[Gobi Desert]] to the south and with cold and mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of [[steppe]]s. The highest point in Mongolia is the [[Khüiten Peak]] in the [[Tavan bogd]] massif in the far west at {{convert|4374|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The basin of the [[Uvs Lake]], shared with [[Tuva Republic]] in [[Russia]], is a natural [[World Heritage Site]]. Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as {{convert|-30|°C}}.<ref name=mong26>{{cite web |author=|year=2004|url=http://www.imcg.net/gpd/asia/mongolia.pdf|format=PDF|title=Republic of Mongolia|publisher=|accessdate=2008-02-10|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061002003846/http://www.imcg.net/gpd/asia/mongolia.pdf|archivedate=2006-10-02}}</ref>
The country is also subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as ''[[zud]]''. The annual average temperature in Ulan Bator is 0 °C, making it the world's coldest capital city.<ref name=mong26/> Mongolia is high, cold, and windy. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls. The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure. Precipitation is highest in the north (average of {{convert|200|to|350|mm|in|1|sp=us}} per year) and lowest in the south, which receives {{convert|100|to|200|mm|in|1|sp=us}} annually. The highest annual precipitation of 622.297mm occurred in the forests of [[Bulgan Province]] close to the border with Russia and the lowest of 41.735mm occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961-1990).<ref>[http://gis.wwf.mn/En/index.php/national-gis/annual-average-temperature-and-precipitation-of-mongolia.html# Annual average temperature and precipitation of Mongolia]. UNDP Mongolia.</ref> The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages 600mm in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than [[Beijing]] (571.8mm) or [[Berlin]] (571mm).
បន្ទាត់ទី២៤០៖
=== ទីក្រុងសំខាន់ៗ ===
{{Main|List of cities in Mongolia}}
About 40% of the population lives in [[Ulaanbaatar]], and in 2002 a further 23% lived in [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], [[Erdenet]], the [[aimags of Mongolia|aimag]] centers and [[sums of Mongolia|sum]]-level permanent settlements.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071124163116/http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf National Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2002], p. 39. "Villages" in this case refers to settlements that are not part of a sum, see p. 37</ref> Another share of the population lives in the sum centers.
{{Largest cities of Mongolia}}
បន្ទាត់ទី២៥២៖
Because of a boom in the mining sector, Mongolia had high growth rates in 2007 and 2008 (9.9% and 8.9%, respectively).<ref name=stategov/> In 2009, sharp drops in commodity prices and the effects of the global financial crisis caused the local currency to drop 40% against the U.S. dollar. Two of the 16 commercial banks were taken into receivership.<ref name=stategov/> GDP growth in 2011 was expected to reach 16.4%. However, inflation continued to erode GDP gains, with an average rate of 12.6% expected in Mongolia at the end of 2011.<ref name=stategov/> Although GDP has risen steadily since 2002 at the rate of 7.5% in an official 2006 estimate, the state is still working to overcome a sizable trade deficit. The Economist expects this trade deficit of 14% of Mongolia's GDP to transform into a surplus in 2013.<ref name="econ-mam">{{cite news | title = Booming Mongolia: Mine, all mine | newspaper = The Economist | date = 21 January 2012 | url = http://www.economist.com/node/21543113/}}</ref>
Mongolia was never listed among the [[Emerging markets]] countries until February 2011 when [[Citigroup]] analysts determined Mongolia to be one of [[3G (countries)|Global Growth Generators]] countries which being countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.<ref>FORGET THE BRICs: Citi's Willem Buiter Presents The 11 "3G" Countries That Will Win The Future http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1</ref> The [[Mongolian Stock Exchange]], established in 1991 in Ulan Bator, is among the world's smallest [[stock exchange]]s by [[market capitalisation]].<ref name="Jeffs">{{cite news|url=http://www.efinancialnews.com/content/1047180747|title=Mongolia earns a sporting chance with fledgling operation |last=Jeffs |first=Luke |date=2007-02-12 |accessdate=2007-09-11 |work=Dow Jones Financial News Online}}</ref><ref name="IHT">{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php|date=2006-09-19 |accessdate=2007-09-11 |title=Mongolian bourse seeks foreign investment |last=Cheng |first=Patricia |work=International Herald-Tribune|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070420085805/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php|archivedate=2007-04-20}}</ref> In 2011, it had 336 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$2 billion after quadrupling from US$406 million in 2008.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20110312232337/http://www.mse.mn/doc/factbook/fact%20book%202010.pdf</ref>
=== ឧស្សាហកម្មរ៉ែ ===
បន្ទាត់ទី២៦២៖
=== កសិកម្ម ===
{{main|Agriculture in Mongolia}}
In 2002, about 30% of all households in Mongolia lived from breeding lifestock.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071124163116/http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf National Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2002], pp. 43, 151</ref> Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern of [[nomads|nomadic]] or semi-nomadic [[pastoralism]]. Due to the severe 2009-2010 winter, Mongolia lost 9.7 million animals, or 22% of total livestock. This immediately affected meat prices, which increased twofold; GDP dropped 1.6% in 2009.<ref name=stategov/>
=== ដំណឹកជញ្ជូន ===
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