សម្តេច Dalai Lama ទី 14៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា
ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានលុបចោល ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានសរសេរបន្ថែម
No edit summary ស្លាក: កែសម្រួលតាមទូរស័ព្ទ កំណែប្រែពីអ៊ីនធើណិតចល័ត |
No edit summary ស្លាក: កែសម្រួលតាមទូរស័ព្ទ កំណែប្រែពីអ៊ីនធើណិតចល័ត |
||
បន្ទាត់ទី៤៩៖
During the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], the Dalai Lama fled to [[India]], where he currently lives as a [[refugee]]. The 14th Dalai Lama received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1989. He has traveled the world and has spoken about the welfare of Tibetans, [[environmental quality|environment]], [[economics]], [[women's rights]], [[non-violence]], [[interfaith dialogue]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[Buddhism and science]], [[cognitive neuroscience]], [[reproductive health]], and [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], along with various topics of [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist teachings.
== Early life and background ==
{{BLP primary sources|section|reason=Lairds' book consists entirely of interviews with DL 14, you need secondary, independent source to confirm information subject to interpretation, especially when politically controversial|date=September 2017}}
Lhamo Thondup<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong: The Untold Story of My Struggle for Tibet|last=Thondup|first=Gyalo|last2=Thurston|first2=Anne F.|publisher=Random House Publishers India Private Limited|year=2015|isbn=978-81-8400-387-1|location=Gurgaon|pages=20|quote=Lama Thubten named my new brother Lhamo Thondup.}}</ref> was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of [[Taktser]],{{efn|At the time of Tenzin Gyatso's birth, Taktser was a town located in the Chinese province of [[Tsinghai]] (Qinghai) and was controlled by [[Ma Lin (warlord)|Ma Lin]], a warlord allied with [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and appointed as governor of Qinghai Province by the [[Kuomintang]].<ref name="Laird" /><ref>Li, T.T. ''Historical Status of Tibet'', Columbia University Press, p. 179.</ref><ref>Bell, Charles, "''Portrait of the Dalai Lama''", p. 399.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C. Goldstein, ''A history of modern Tibet'', pp. 315–317.</ref>}} or Chija Tagtser,<ref>''A 60-Point Commentary on the Chinese Government Publication: A Collection of Historical Archives of Tibet'', DIIR Publications, Dharamsala, November 2008: "Chija Tagtser born holy precious child Lhamo Dhondup [...] the holy reincarnate child in Chija Tagtser."</ref> (Hongya (红崖村) in Chinese) at the edges of the traditional Tibetan region of [[Amdo]].<ref name="Laird">Thomas Laird, ''[https://books.google.com/?id=As_4aQjGaUEC The Story of Tibet. Conversations with the Dalai Lama]'', [[Grove Press]]: New York, 2006.</ref> His family was of [[Monguor people|Monguor]] extraction.<ref name="hill">Hill, Nathan. 'Review of Sam van Schaik. Tibet: A History. London and New York: Yale University Press, 2011.' http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13173/1/Hill_rv_2012_van_Schaik_review.pdf "Finally, the remark that '[[Yonten Gyatso]] . . . remains the only non-Tibetan to have held the role of Dalai Lama' (p. 177) presents a [[Monpa people|Monpa]] ([[sixth Dalai lama]]), and a Monguor (fourteenth Dalai Lama) as Tibetan although neither spoke Tibetan natively."</ref> He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood. The eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years his senior. His eldest brother, [[Thupten Jigme Norbu]], had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high [[Lama]] [[Taktser Rinpoche]]. His sister, [[Jetsun Pema (activist)|Jetsun Pema]], spent most of her adult life on the [[Tibetan Children's Villages]] project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken [[Xining]] language which was (a [[varieties of Chinese|dialect of]]) the [[Chinese language]]", a form of [[Central Plains Mandarin]], and his family did not speak the [[Amdo Tibetan language|Tibetan language]].<ref>Thomas Laird, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=%22broken%20Chinese%20regional%20dialect%22&f=false ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations With the Dalai Lama''], p. 262 (2007) "At that time in my village", he said, "we spoke a broken Chinese. As a child, I spoke Chinese first, but it was a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language." "So your first language", I responded, "was a broken Chinese regional dialect, which we might call Xining Chinese. It was not Tibetan. You learned Tibetan when you came to Lhasa." "Yes", he answered, "that is correct (...)."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ&q=amdo++historic+homeland,+was+under+the+control+of+a+Muslim+warlord,+Ma+Bufang.+The+Dalai+Lama+and+his+family+didn't+learn+Tibetan+until+they+moved+to+Lhasa+in+1939&dq=amdo++historic+homeland,+was+under+the+control+of+a+Muslim+warlord,+Ma+Bufang.+The+Dalai+Lama+and+his+family+didn't+learn+Tibetan+until+they+moved+to+Lhasa+in+1939&hl=en&ei=76ajTZ6RIMHngQes7MCkCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA |title = The economist, Volume 390, Issues 8618-8624 |year = 2009 |publisher = Economist Newspaper Ltd. |location= |page = 144 |ISBN = |accessdate = 9 April 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/13184937 Politically incorrect tourism], ''The Economist'', 26 February 2009: "When the Dalai Lama was born, the region, regarded by Tibetans as part of Amdo, a province of their historic homeland, was under the control of a Muslim warlord, Ma Bufang. The Dalai Lama and his family didn't learn Tibetan until they moved to Lhasa in 1939."</ref>
[[File:Dalai Lama boy.jpg|thumb|left|The Dalai Lama as a boy]]
Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out, to the north-east, the east and the south-east, to locate the new [[incarnation]] when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old.<ref name=bell397>Bell 1946, p. 397.</ref> [[Sir Basil Gould]], British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to [[Sir Charles Bell]], former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the [[thirteenth Dalai Lama]], at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The [[Regent]], [[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|Reting Rinpoche]], shortly afterwards had a [[vision (religion)|vision]] at the sacred lake of [[Lhamo La-tso]] which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from it to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang [[Rinpoche]], went first to meet the [[Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama|Panchen Lama]], who had been stuck in [[Jyekundo]], in northern Kham.<ref name=bell397 /> The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265">Laird 2006, p. 265.</ref> He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great [[Kumbum Monastery]] with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived.<ref name=bell397 /><ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" />
According to the 14th Dalai Lama, at the time the village of [[Taktser]] stood right on the "real border" between the region of [[Amdo]] and China.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 262–263.</ref> When the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old [[Buddhist prayer beads|rosary]] that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a language the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the [[13th Dalai Lama]] and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 265–266.</ref> Thus, it was the Panchen Lama who first discovered and identified the 14th Dalai Lama.
[[File:DLHaus.jpg|thumb|House where the 14th Dalai Lama was born in [[Taktser]], [[Amdo]]]]
From 1936 the Hui '[[Ma Clique]]' Muslim warlord [[Ma Bufang]] ruled [[Qinghai]] as its governor under the nominal authority of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] central government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&pg=PA36&dq=ma+bufang+paintings&hl=en&ei=3I_lTbDEK8LOgAfQ67nGBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20paintings&f=false|title=Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers|author=Piper Rae Gaubatz|year=1996|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=|page=36|isbn=0-8047-2399-0|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of [[Qinghai]].<ref>Laird 2006, p. 262.</ref> Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /> When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining.<ref>Mullin 2001, p. 459.</ref> He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge.<ref name=bell398>Bell 1946, p. 398.</ref> Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared amongst them, to let them go to Lhasa.<ref name=bell398 /><ref>Richardson 1984, p. 152.</ref> Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum, then a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom; a hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief and Kumbum Monastery, twenty thousand for the escort and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said.<ref>Bell 1946, pp. 398–399.</ref>
Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army.<ref>Richardson 1984, pp. 152–153.</ref> Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas.<ref name=laird267>Laird 2006, p. 267.</ref> Payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.<ref name=laird267 /><ref name=rich153>Richardson 1984, p. 153.</ref> The 20,000 dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.<ref name=rich153 />
Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet in an epic journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Thondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang’s area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Central Government of Tibet and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 268–269.</ref> The ordination ([[pabbajja]]) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were handled by [[Reting Rinpoche]].
As put it by ''[[The Economist|Economist]]'' reporter Banyan, Chinese involvement at this time was very limited.<ref name="Banyan">{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21646795-even-china-accepts-only-dalai-lama-can-legitimise-its-rule-tibet-golden-urn|title=The golden urn Even China accepts that only the Dalai Lama can legitimise its rule in Tibet|last1=Banyan|website=The Economist|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]] normally refer to him as Yishin Norbu (''Wish-Fulfilling Gem''), Kyabgon (''Saviour''), or just Kundun (''Presence''). His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him ''His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', the [[style (manner of address)|style]] employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including [[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|Reting Rinpoche]], Tathag Rinpoche, [[Ling Rinpoche]] and lastly [[Trijang Rinpoche]], who became junior tutor when he was nineteen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lama|first1=Dalai |title = Freedom in exile : the autobiography of the Dalai Lama. |date = 1990 |publisher = HarperCollins|location=New York, NY |ISBN = 0-06-039116-2 |page = 18|edition=1st}}</ref> At the age of 11 he met the [[Austrians|Austrian]] mountaineer [[Heinrich Harrer]], who became his [[videographer]] and tutor about the world outside [[Lhasa]]. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.<ref>{{cite video |people=Peter Graves (host) |date = 2005-04-26 |title = Dalai Lama: Soul of Tibet |publisher = [[A&E Television Networks]]|time=08:00}}</ref>
In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at [[Lhasa]]'s [[Jokhang]] Temple during the annual [[Monlam]] or Prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the [[Geshe|Lharampa degree]], the highest-level ''[[geshe]]'' degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in [[Buddhist philosophy]].<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1347735.stm |title = Profile: The Dalai Lama|work=BBC News |date = 25 February 2009 |accessdate = 31 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite book |last = Marcello |first = Patricia Cronin |title = The Dalai Lama: A Biography |publisher = Greenwood Press |year = 2003 |url = https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0313322074&id=wLzA8YKI-coC&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html |ISBN = 978-0-313-32207-5 |accessdate = 5 December 2010}}</ref>
==References==
| |||