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== Early life and background ==
Lhamo Thondup<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong: The Untold Story of My Struggle for Tibet|last=Thondup|first=Gyalo|last2=Thurston|first2=Anne F.|publisher=Random House Publishers India Private Limited|year=2015|isbn=978-81-8400-387-1|location=Gurgaon|pages=20|quote=Lama Thubten named my new brother Lhamo Thondup.}}</ref> was born onកើតនៅថ្ងៃទី 6 Julyខែកក្កដាឆ្នាំ 1935 toទៅគ្រួសារកសិករធ្វើកសិកម្មនិងសេះនៅភូមិតូចមួយឈ្មោះថា a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of [[Taktser]],{{efn|At theឬ timeChija ofTagtser Tenzinក្នុងភាសាចិននៅជ្រុងនៃតំបន់ប្រពៃណីទីបេនៃ Gyatso'sAmdo birth,។ Taktserគ្រួសាររបស់គាត់ត្រូវបានគេទាញយករ៉ែ wasMonguor a។ townគាត់គឺជាបងប្អូនម្នាក់ក្នុងចំណោមបងប្អូន located7 inនាក់ដើម្បីរស់រានមានជីវិត។ theកូនច្បងគឺបងស្រីរបស់គាត់ឈ្មោះ ChineseTsering provinceDolma ofដែលមានអាយុ [[Tsinghai]]18 (Qinghai)ឆ្នាំ។ andបងប្រុសច្បងរបស់គាត់ wasThupten controlledJigme byNorbu [[Maត្រូវបានគេទទួលស្គាល់នៅពេលគាត់មានអាយុ Lin8 (warlord)|Maឆ្នាំជាការចាប់កំណើតរបស់ Lin]],Lama aTaktser warlordRinpoche allied។ withបងស្រីរបស់គាត់ឈ្មោះថាជេតសុនផេម៉ាបានចំណាយពេលពេញវ័យរបស់គាត់នៅលើគម្រោងភូមិកុមារទីបេ។ [[Chiangសម្ដេចសង្ឃដាឡៃឡាម៉ាបាននិយាយថាភាសាទីមួយរបស់គាត់គឺ Kai-shek]]"ភាសាស៊ីនដែលខូច" and appointed as governor of Qinghai Province by the [[Kuomintang]].ដែលជាភាសាចិនដែលជាទម្រង់នៃភាសាចិនកណ្តាលហើយគ្រួសាររបស់គាត់មិនបាននិយាយភាសាទីបេទេ។<ref name="Laird" /><ref>Li, T.T. ''Historical Status of Tibet'', Columbia University Press, p. 179.</ref><ref>Bell, Charles, "''Portrait of the Dalai Lama''", p. 399.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C. Goldstein, ''A history of modern Tibet'', pp. 315–317.</ref>}} or Chija Tagtser,<ref>''A 60-Point Commentary on the Chinese Government Publication: A Collection of Historical Archives of Tibet'', DIIR Publications, Dharamsala, November 2008: "Chija Tagtser born holy precious child Lhamo Dhondup [...] the holy reincarnate child in Chija Tagtser."</ref> (Hongya (红崖村) in Chinese) at the edges of the traditional Tibetan region of [[Amdo]].<ref name="Laird">Thomas Laird, ''[https://books.google.com/?id=As_4aQjGaUEC The Story of Tibet. Conversations with the Dalai Lama]'', [[Grove Press]]: New York, 2006.</ref> His family was of [[Monguor people|Monguor]] extraction.<ref name="hill">Hill, Nathan. 'Review of Sam van Schaik. Tibet: A History. London and New York: Yale University Press, 2011.' http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13173/1/Hill_rv_2012_van_Schaik_review.pdf "Finally, the remark that '[[Yonten Gyatso]] . . . remains the only non-Tibetan to have held the role of Dalai Lama' (p. 177) presents a [[Monpa people|Monpa]] ([[sixth Dalai lama]]), and a Monguor (fourteenth Dalai Lama) as Tibetan although neither spoke Tibetan natively."</ref> He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood. The eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years his senior. His eldest brother, [[Thupten Jigme Norbu]], had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high [[Lama]] [[Taktser Rinpoche]]. His sister, [[Jetsun Pema (activist)|Jetsun Pema]], spent most of her adult life on the [[Tibetan Children's Villages]] project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken [[Xining]] language which was (a [[varieties of Chinese|dialect of]]) the [[Chinese language]]", a form of [[Central Plains Mandarin]], and his family did not speak the [[Amdo Tibetan language|Tibetan language]].<ref>Thomas Laird, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=%22broken%20Chinese%20regional%20dialect%22&f=false ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations With the Dalai Lama''], p. 262 (2007) "At that time in my village", he said, "we spoke a broken Chinese. As a child, I spoke Chinese first, but it was a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language." "So your first language", I responded, "was a broken Chinese regional dialect, which we might call Xining Chinese. It was not Tibetan. You learned Tibetan when you came to Lhasa." "Yes", he answered, "that is correct (...)."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ&q=amdo++historic+homeland,+was+under+the+control+of+a+Muslim+warlord,+Ma+Bufang.+The+Dalai+Lama+and+his+family+didn't+learn+Tibetan+until+they+moved+to+Lhasa+in+1939&dq=amdo++historic+homeland,+was+under+the+control+of+a+Muslim+warlord,+Ma+Bufang.+The+Dalai+Lama+and+his+family+didn't+learn+Tibetan+until+they+moved+to+Lhasa+in+1939&hl=en&ei=76ajTZ6RIMHngQes7MCkCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA |title = The economist, Volume 390, Issues 8618-8624 |year = 2009 |publisher = Economist Newspaper Ltd. |location= |page = 144 |ISBN = |accessdate = 9 April 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/13184937 Politically incorrect tourism], ''The Economist'', 26 February 2009: "When the Dalai Lama was born, the region, regarded by Tibetans as part of Amdo, a province of their historic homeland, was under the control of a Muslim warlord, Ma Bufang. The Dalai Lama and his family didn't learn Tibetan until they moved to Lhasa in 1939."</ref>
[[File:Dalai Lama boy.jpg|thumb|left|The Dalai Lama as a boy]]
បន្ទាប់ពីមានសញ្ញានិងចក្ខុវិស័យបានរាយការណ៍ក្រុមស្វែងរកចំនួនបីត្រូវបានបញ្ជូនទៅភាគខាងជើងភាគខាងកើតនិងភាគអាគ្នេយ៍ដើម្បីកំណត់ទីតាំងថ្មីនៅពេលដែលក្មេងប្រុសដែលក្លាយទៅជាសម្តេច Dalai Lama ទី 14 មានអាយុប្រហែលជាពីរឆ្នាំ។ លោកស្សាប៊ីលហ្គូល (Sir Basil Gould) ប្រតិភូអង់គ្លេសនៅឡាសា (Lhasa) នៅឆ្នាំ 1936 បានទាក់ទងនឹងកំណត់ត្រារបស់គាត់នៅភាគខាងជើងឆៀងខាងកើតជាមួយលោកសាន់ប៊ែលបឺរ (Charles Bell) អតីតអ្នករស់នៅចក្រភពអង់គ្លេសនៅឡាសានិងជាមិត្តរបស់ស្តេចដាឡៃឡាម៉ាទី 13 ។ ក្នុងចំណោមស្នាដៃជាច្រើនទៀតប្រមុខនៃរូបកាយសម្តេច Dalai Lama ទី 13 នៅទិសខាងត្បូងខាងកើតបានងាកទៅរកទិសខាងជើងខាងកើតដោយបញ្ជាក់ថាវាត្រូវបានបកប្រែជាទិសដៅដែលអ្នកស្នងតំណែងរបស់ព្រះអង្គនឹងត្រូវបានរកឃើញ។ Regent Reting Rinpoche មិនយូរប៉ុន្មានមានចក្ខុវិស័យមួយនៅឯបឹងដ៏ពិសិដ្ឋនៃឡាហមឡាតូសូដែលគាត់បានបកប្រែថាជា Amdo ជាតំបន់ស្វែងរក។ ចក្ខុវិស័យនេះត្រូវបានបកប្រែផងដែរដើម្បីសំដៅទៅលើវត្តអារាមដ៏ធំមួយដែលមានដំបូលក្រណាត់និងក្បឿងមុំខៀវនិងផ្លូវដែលហើរពីវាទៅដល់ភ្នំមួយនៅខាងកើតទល់មុខដែលឈរនៅផ្ទះតូចមួយដែលមានអន្ទាក់ខុសគ្នា។ ក្រុមនេះដែលដឹកនាំដោយលោក Kewtsang Rinpoche បានទៅជួប Panchen Lama ជាលើកដំបូងដែលត្រូវបានជាប់នៅក្នុង Jyekundo នៅភាគខាងជើង Kham ។ Panchen Lama បានស៊ើបអង្កេតការបង្កើតកូនក្មេងមិនធម្មតានៅក្នុងតំបន់ដែលមិនធ្លាប់មានចាប់តាំងពីការសម្តេច Dalai Lama ទី 13 ។ គាត់បានឱ្យឈ្មោះកេវសានឈ្មោះក្មេងប្រុសបីនាក់ដែលគាត់បានរកឃើញហើយបានកំណត់ថាជាបេក្ខជន។ ក្នុងរយៈពេល 1 ឆ្នាំ Panchen Lama បានស្លាប់។ បេក្ខជនពីរនាក់ក្នុងចំណោមបេក្ខជនបីនាក់របស់គាត់ត្រូវបានគេបំបែកចេញពីបញ្ជីប៉ុន្តែកុមារទីបីដែលជាកូន "មិនខ្លាច" ដែលមានការសន្យាច្រើនបំផុតគឺមកពីភូមិ Taktser ដែលជាចក្ខុវិស័យនៅលើភ្នំមួយនៅចុងបញ្ចប់នៃផ្លូវដែលនាំទៅរក Taktser ពីវត្តអារាម Kumbum ដ៏អស្ចារ្យជាមួយនឹងដំបូលពណ៌បៃតង។ នៅទីនោះពួកគេបានរកឃើញផ្ទះមួយដែលបានបកស្រាយពីចក្ខុវិស័យ - ផ្ទះដែលឡាហោដុនដុដរស់នៅ។<ref name=bell397>Bell 1946, p. 397.</ref><ref name=bell397 /><ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" />
Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out, to the north-east, the east and the south-east, to locate the new [[incarnation]] when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old.<ref name=bell397>Bell 1946, p. 397.</ref> [[Sir Basil Gould]], British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to [[Sir Charles Bell]], former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the [[thirteenth Dalai Lama]], at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The [[Regent]], [[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|Reting Rinpoche]], shortly afterwards had a [[vision (religion)|vision]] at the sacred lake of [[Lhamo La-tso]] which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from it to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang [[Rinpoche]], went first to meet the [[Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama|Panchen Lama]], who had been stuck in [[Jyekundo]], in northern Kham.<ref name=bell397 /> The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265">Laird 2006, p. 265.</ref> He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great [[Kumbum Monastery]] with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived.<ref name=bell397 /><ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" />
យោងទៅតាមសម្តេច Dalai Lama ទី 14 នៅពេលនោះភូមិ Taktser ឈរនៅលើ "ព្រំដែនពិតប្រាកដ" រវាងតំបន់អាម៉ូអានិងប្រទេសចិន។ នៅពេលដែលក្រុមការងារបានមកលេងដែលធ្វើជាអ្នកធ្វើធម្មយាត្រាមេដឹកនាំរបស់ខ្លួនគឺសេរ៉ាឡាម៉ាធ្វើពុតជាអ្នកបំរើនិងអង្គុយដាច់ដោយឡែកពីគ្នានៅក្នុងផ្ទះបាយ។ គាត់បានកាន់ក្រដាសប្រាក់ចាស់ដែលជាកម្មសិទ្ធិរបស់ស្តេចដាឡៃឡាម៉ាទី 13 ហើយក្មេងប្រុស Lhamo Dhondup ដែលមានអាយុ 2 ឆ្នាំបានមកជិតហើយសុំវា។ ព្រះសង្ឃបាននិយាយថា "បើអ្នកដឹងថាខ្ញុំជានរណាអ្នកអាចមានវាបាន" ។ កុមារបាននិយាយថា "សេរ៉ាឡាម៉ាស៊ាឡាម៉ា" ហើយនិយាយជាមួយគាត់ក្នុងពាក្យសំដីរបស់ឡាសាក្នុងភាសាមួយដែលម្តាយរបស់ក្មេងប្រុសនេះមិនអាចយល់បាន។ នៅពេលក្រោយដែលគណបក្សនេះវិលត្រឡប់ទៅផ្ទះវិញពួកគេបានបង្ហាញពីគោលបំណងពិតរបស់ពួកគេហើយបានសុំការអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យក្មេងប្រុសត្រូវធ្វើតេស្តជាក់លាក់។ ការធ្វើតេស្តមួយបានបង្ហាញគាត់នូវគូវត្ថុផ្សេងៗគ្នាដែលមួយជាកម្មសិទ្ធិរបស់ដាឡៃឡាម៉ាទី 13 និងមួយទៀតមិនមាន។ ក្នុងគ្រប់ករណីទាំងអស់លោកបានជ្រើសរើសវត្ថុផ្ទាល់របស់ដាលៃឡាម៉ាហើយបានច្រានចោលអ្នកដទៃ។ ដូច្នេះវាគឺជា Panchen Lama ដែលបានរកឃើញដំបូងនិងបានកំណត់អត្តសញ្ញាណទី 14 Dalai Lama ។
According to the 14th Dalai Lama, at the time the village of [[Taktser]] stood right on the "real border" between the region of [[Amdo]] and China.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 262–263.</ref> When the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old [[Buddhist prayer beads|rosary]] that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a language the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the [[13th Dalai Lama]] and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 265–266.</ref> Thus, it was the Panchen Lama who first discovered and identified the 14th Dalai Lama.
[[File:DLHaus.jpg|thumb|House where the 14th Dalai Lama was born in [[Taktser]], [[Amdo]]]]
ចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ 1936 មេបញ្ជាការមូស្លឹមម៉ាប៊ូហ្វាងមេដឹកនាំមូស្លីម Hui 'Ma Clique បានគ្រប់គ្រង Qinghai ជាអភិបាលរបស់ខ្លួនស្ថិតនៅក្រោមអាជ្ញាធរកណ្តាលនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋចិន។ យោងតាមបទសម្ភាសន៍ជាមួយសម្តេចសង្ឃដាឡៃឡាម៉ាទី 14 នៅឆ្នាំ 1930 លោកម៉ាប៊ូភួងបានចាប់យកជ្រុងខាងជើងភាគអាគ្នេយ៍នៃអាម៉ូដូក្នុងនាមរដ្ឋាភិបាលទន់ខ្សោយឈៀងកៃសកហើយបានបញ្ចូលវាទៅក្នុងខេត្តឈីងហៃរបស់ចិន។ មុនពេលទៅ Taktser, Kewtsang បានទៅម៉ា Bufang ដើម្បីបង់ការគោរពរបស់គាត់។ នៅពេលដែលលោក Ma Bufang បានឮថាបេក្ខជនម្នាក់ត្រូវបានគេរកឃើញនៅក្នុង Taktser គាត់បាននាំគ្រួសារនេះទៅឱ្យគាត់នៅស៊ីននីង។ ដំបូងគាត់បានទាមទារភស្តុតាងថាក្មេងប្រុសនេះគឺជាសម្តេចសង្ឃដាឡៃឡាម៉ាប៉ុន្តែរដ្ឋាភិបាលឡាសាទោះបីជាលោក Kewtsang បានជូនដំណឹងថានេះជារឿងមួយក៏ដោយបានប្រាប់លោក Kewtsang ថាគាត់ត្រូវទៅទីក្រុងឡាសាដើម្បីធ្វើតេស្តបន្ថែមទៀតជាមួយបេក្ខជនផ្សេងទៀត។ ពួកគេដឹងថាប្រសិនបើគេត្រូវបានប្រកាសថាជាសម្តេចសង្ឃដាឡៃឡាម៉ារដ្ឋាភិបាលចិននឹងទទូចសុំឱ្យបញ្ជូនកងទ័ពដ៏ធំមួយជាមួយលោកដែលនឹងស្នាក់នៅក្នុងទីក្រុងឡាសាហើយបដិសេធមិនផ្លាស់ប្តូរ។ លោក Ma Bufang និងលោក Kumbum Monastery បន្ទាប់មកបានបដិសេធមិនអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យគាត់ចាកចេញទេលុះត្រាតែគាត់ត្រូវបានប្រកាសថាជាសម្តេចសង្ឃដាឡៃឡាម៉ាប៉ុន្តែបានទាមទារប្រាក់ត្រលប់មកវិញចំនួន 100.000 ដុល្លារដើម្បីឱ្យពួកគេត្រូវបានគេចែករំលែកដើម្បីឱ្យពួកគេទៅកាន់ឡាសា ។<ref>Laird 2006, p. 262.</ref><ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /><ref name=bell398 /><ref>Richardson 1984, p. 152.</ref>
From 1936 the Hui '[[Ma Clique]]' Muslim warlord [[Ma Bufang]] ruled [[Qinghai]] as its governor under the nominal authority of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] central government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&pg=PA36&dq=ma+bufang+paintings&hl=en&ei=3I_lTbDEK8LOgAfQ67nGBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20paintings&f=false|title=Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers|author=Piper Rae Gaubatz|year=1996|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=|page=36|isbn=0-8047-2399-0|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of [[Qinghai]].<ref>Laird 2006, p. 262.</ref> Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /> When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining.<ref>Mullin 2001, p. 459.</ref> He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge.<ref name=bell398>Bell 1946, p. 398.</ref> Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared amongst them, to let them go to Lhasa.<ref name=bell398 /><ref>Richardson 1984, p. 152.</ref> Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum, then a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom; a hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief and Kumbum Monastery, twenty thousand for the escort and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said.<ref>Bell 1946, pp. 398–399.</ref>
Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum, then a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom; a hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief and Kumbum Monastery, twenty thousand for the escort and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said.<ref>Bell 1946, pp. 398–399.</ref>
Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army.<ref>Richardson 1984, pp. 152–153.</ref> Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas.<ref name=laird267>Laird 2006, p. 267.</ref> Payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.<ref name=laird267 /><ref name=rich153>Richardson 1984, p. 153.</ref> The 20,000 dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.<ref name=rich153 />
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