ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា

Hyrcanus' son [[Alexander Jannaeus]] established good relations with the [[Roman Republic]], however there was growing tension between Pharisees and Sadducces and a conflict over the succession to Janneus, in which the warring parties invited foreign intervention on their behalf.

 

{{Further information|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire}}

In 64 BCE the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] general [[Pompey#Pompey in the East|Pompey]] [[Third Mithridatic War|conquered]] Syria and [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)|intervened]] in the [[Hasmonean civil war]] in Jerusalem. During the [[Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)|siege of Alexandria in 47 BCE]], the lives of [[Julius Caesar]] and his protege [[Cleopatra]] were saved by 3,000 Jewish troops sent by King [[Hyrcanus II]] and commanded by [[Antipater the Idumaean|Antipater]], whose descendants Caesar made kings of Judea.<ref>Julius Caesar: The Life and Times of the People's Dictator By Luciano Canfora chapter 24 "Caesar Saved by the Jews".</ref>

In 64 CE, the Temple High Priest [[Joshua ben Gamla]] introduced a religious requirement for Jewish boys to learn to read from the age of six. Over the next few hundred years this requirement became steadily more ingrained in Jewish tradition.<ref>The Chosen Few: How education shaped Jewish History, Botticini and Eckstein, Princeton 2012, page 71 and chapters 4 and 5</ref>

 

{{Main article|Jewish–Roman wars|Syria Palaestina}}

[[File:Arch of Titus Menorah.png|thumb|right|[[Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)|Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)]]]]

A rabbi of this period, [[Simeon bar Yochai]], is regarded as the author of the [[Zohar]], the foundational text for Kabbalistic thought. However, modern scholars believe it was written in Medieval Spain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Jacobs|first=Joseph|author2=Broydé, Isaac|encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia|title=Zohar|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406}}</ref>

 

After suppressing the Bar Kochba revolt, the Romans [[Jewish diaspora|exiled]] the Jews of Judea, but not of Galilee and permitted a hereditary Rabbinical Patriarch (from the [[House of Hillel]], based in Galilee) to represent the Jews in dealings with the Romans. The most famous of these was [[Judah haNasi]] who is credited with compiling the final version of the [[Mishnah]] (a massive body of Jewish religious texts interpreting the Bible) and with strengthening the educational demands of Judaism by requiring that illiterate Jews be treated as outcasts. As a result, many illiterate Jews may have converted to Christianity.<ref>The Chosen Few: How education shaped Jewish History, Botticini and Eckstein, Princeton 2012, page 116</ref> Jewish seminaries, such as those at [[Shefaram]] and [[Bet Shearim]] continued to produce scholars and the best of these became members of the [[Sanhedrin]],<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 sections II to V</ref> which was located first at [[Tzippori]] and later at [[Tiberias]].<ref>Vailhé Siméon, [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04798b.htm "Diocaesarea" in The Catholic Encyclopedia.] Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 7 November 2013.</ref> Before the Bar-Kochba uprising, an estimated 2/3 of the population of Gallilee and 1/3 of the coastal region were Jewish.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 chapter I</ref> In the Galillee, many Synagogues have been found dating from this period. However, persecution and the [[Crisis of the Third Century|economic crisis]] that affected the Roman empire in the 3rd century led to further Jewish migration from [[Syria Palaestina]] to the more tolerant Persian [[Sassanid Empire]], where a prosperous Jewish community with [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia|extensive seminaries]] existed in the area of Babylon.

 

Early in the 4th century, the Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] made [[Constantinople]] the capital of the [[East Roman Empire]] and made [[Christianity]] the official religion. His mother, [[Helena (empress)|Helena]] made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (326-328) and led the construction of the [[Church of the Nativity]] (Bethlehem), the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] (Jerusalem) and other key churches that still exist. The name Jerusalem was restored to Aelia Capitolina and it became a Christian city. Jews were still banned from living in Jerusalem, but were allowed to visit, and it is in this period that the surviving [[Western Wall]] of the temple became sacred to Judaism.