សម្តេច Dalai Lama ទី 14៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា

ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានលុបចោល ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានសរសេរបន្ថែម
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ស្លាក: កែ​សម្រួល​តាម​ទូរស័ព្ទ កំណែប្រែពីអ៊ីនធើណិតចល័ត
ជម្រះខ្លឹមសារជាភាសាផ្សេង
បន្ទាត់ទី១៖
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
 
{{Infobox person
| name = Tenzin Gyatso
Line ៧២ ⟶ ៧០:
 
នៅឆ្នាំ 1959 នៅពេលដែលគាត់មានអាយុ 23 ឆ្នាំគាត់បានប្រឡងបញ្ចប់វគ្គសិក្សានៅប្រាសាទ Jokhang ក្នុងទីក្រុងឡាសាក្នុងអំឡុងពិធីបុណ្យម៉ូឡាមឬពិធីបុណ្យប្រចាំឆ្នាំប្រចាំឆ្នាំ។ គាត់បានទទួលកិត្តិយសនិងទទួលបានសញ្ញាបត្រ Lharampa ដែលជាកម្រិតកំរិតខ្ពស់បំផុតដែលមានតម្លៃស្មើនឹងបណ្ឌិតនៅទស្សនវិជ្ជាព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា។<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1347735.stm |title = Profile: The Dalai Lama|work=BBC News |date = 25 February 2009 |accessdate = 31 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite book |last = Marcello |first = Patricia Cronin |title = The Dalai Lama: A Biography |publisher = Greenwood Press |year = 2003 |url = https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0313322074&id=wLzA8YKI-coC&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html |ISBN = 978-0-313-32207-5 |accessdate = 5 December 2010}}</ref>
 
== Life as the Dalai Lama ==
{{See also|Dalai Lama}}
[[File:Potala.jpg|thumb|Lhasa's [[Potala]] Palace, today a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|world heritage site]], pictured in 2006]]
 
Historically the Dalai Lamas or their [[regent]]s held political and religious leadership over [[Tibet]] from [[Lhasa]] with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the [[5th Dalai Lama]]’s rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or [[Ganden Phodrang]]. Until 1912 however, when the [[13th Dalai Lama]] declared the complete independence of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]], their rule was generally subject to [[priest and patron|patronage and protection]] of firstly Mongol kings (1642–1720) and then the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] (1720–1912).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Smith, Warren W. Jr.|title=Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations|date=1997|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-8133-3155-2|pages=107–149}}</ref> In 1939, at the age of four, the present Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the [[Potala Palace]] and [[Norbulingka]], his summer residence, both of which are now [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]].
 
China claims that the [[Kuomintang]] government ratified the 14th Dalai Lama and that a Kuomintang representative, General [[Wu Zhongxin]], presided over the ceremony. The British Representative [[Basil Gould|Sir Basil Gould]] was also at the ceremony and bore witness to the falsity of the Chinese claim to have presided over it. He criticised the Chinese account as follows:
{{quote|The report was issued in the Chinese Press that Mr Wu had escorted the Dalai Lama to his throne and announced his installation, that the Dalai Lama had returned thanks, and prostrated himself in token of his gratitude. Every one of these Chinese claims was false. Mr Wu was merely a passive spectator. He did no more than present a ceremonial scarf, as was done by the others, including the British Representative. But the Chinese have the ear of the world, and can later refer to their press records and present an account of historical events that is wholly untrue. Tibet has no newspapers, either in English or Tibetan, and has therefore no means of exposing these falsehoods.<ref>Bell 1946, p. 400.</ref>}}
 
Tibetan scholor Nyima Gyaincain wrote that based on Tibetan tradition, there was no such thing as presiding over an event, but two things are clear, first, the word "主持 (preside or organize)" was used in many places in communication documents. The meaning of the word was different than what we understand today. Second, [[Wu Zhongxin]] spent a lot of time and energy on the event, his effect of presiding over or organizing the event was very obvious.<ref name="王家伟尼玛坚赞1997_preside">{{cite book|author1=王家伟|author2=尼玛坚赞|title=中国西藏的历史地位|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWCa0NSILSsC&pg=PA133|year=1997|publisher=五洲传播出版社|isbn=978-7-80113-303-8|pages=133–}}</ref> However, according to Goldstein:
{{quote|everything the Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from playing any role.<ref name="Powers">{{cite book|last1=Powers|first1=John|title=The Buddha Party: How the People's Republic of China Works to Define and Control Tibetan Buddhism}}</ref>}}
 
Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.<ref name="Lin">{{cite web |url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=449716 |title = War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943 |last=Lin|first=Hsiao-ting |publisher = |accessdate = 28 June 2010}}</ref> Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?ei=ZBghTJLZOIKClAfC_Nxi&ct=result&id=4_BxAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+bufang+japanese&q=ma+bufang+ |title = China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937–1945: politics, culture and society |author1=David P. Barrett |author2=Lawrence N. Shyu |year=2001 |publisher = Peter Lang|location=|ISBN = 978-0-8204-4556-4 |page = <!-- 98, -->240 |accessdate = 28 June 2010}}</ref> Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?ei=yHyqTIztEsT38Aaf2sTZBw&ct=result&id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+three+best+known+of+the+families+in+Gansu+with+the+surname+Ma+were+those+led+by+Ma+Zhan%27ao%2C+Ma+Haiyan+and+Ma+Qianling%2C+and+it+was+the+son+of+Ma+Haiyan.+Ma+Qi+%28+1+869-193+1+%29%2C+who+moved+to+Xining+and+set+up+a+military+force+around+...&q=tsang+monastery+was+attacked+ma+bufang |title = Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1–2 |author = University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit|year=2002 |publisher = The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge|location= |page = 204 |ISBN =|pages= |accessdate = 28 June 2010}}</ref> He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35&dq=ma+lin+muslim&hl=en&ei=NX2qTLHbJoH98AahxJGCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=ma%20lin%20muslim&f=false |title = Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations |author = Paul Kocot Nietupski|year=1999 |publisher = Snow Lion Publications|location= |page = 35 |ISBN =978-1-55939-090-3|pages= |accessdate = 28 June 2010}}</ref>
 
In October 1950 the army of the [[People's Republic of China]] marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in [[warlord]]-controlled [[Kham]]. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama was enthroned formally as the temporal ruler of Tibet.
 
=== Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China ===
 
[[File:Beijing Station 1954.jpg|thumb|14th Dalai Lama arrives [[Beijing Railway Station]] with [[10th Panchen Lama]], 1954]]
[[File:Mao Zedong, Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama.jpg|thumb|[[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhou Enlai]] meeting with Dalai Lama and [[10th Panchen Lama|Panchen Lama]] to celebrate Tibetan New Year, 1955]]
 
Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama had many conflicts in Tibetan history. Dalai Lama's formal rule was brief. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which, without his authorization,<ref name="bio" /> ratified the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet]].<ref>Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama XIV, interview, 25 July 1981.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951'', University of California Press, 1989, pp. 812–813.</ref> He worked with the Chinese government: in September 1954, together with the [[10th Panchen Lama]] he went to the Chinese capital to meet [[Mao Zedong]] and attend the first session of the [[National People's Congress]] as a delegate, primarily discussing [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|China's constitution]].<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 493.</ref><ref>''[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-08/30/content_3422747.htm Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR]'', [[Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme]], ''[[China View]]'', 30 August 2005.</ref> On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a [[Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress|Vice Chairman]] of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] of the [[National People's Congress]],<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 496.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html |title=Chairman Mao: Long Live Dalai Lama! |publisher=Voyage.typepad.com |date=21 January 2007 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505143746/http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html |archivedate=5 May 2010 |df= }}</ref> a post he officially held until 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html |title = Official: Dalai Lama's U.S. award not to affect Tibet's stability |date = 2007-10-16 |accessdate = 28 August 2010 |publisher = [[People's Daily]]|work=[[17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China]]}}</ref>
 
In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the [[Buddha's Birthday]], the Dalai Lama asked the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], if he would allow him [[political asylum]] should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] stance agreed upon with its [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|1954 treaty with China]].<ref name="bio" />
 
=== Exile to India ===
 
[[File:IMG 1206 Lhasa Potala.jpg|thumb|left|Abandoned former quarters of the Dalai Lama at the Potala. The empty vestment placed on the throne symbolises his absence]]
 
At the outset of the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's [[Special Activities Division]],<ref>The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002.</ref> crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] on 18 April.<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 210.</ref> Some time later he set up the [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] in [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], India,<ref>"Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India." Peter Jackson. ''Reuters''. 27 February 2009.[https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSTRE51Q4OB20090227 Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India| Reuters]</ref> which is often referred to as "''[[McLeod Ganj|Little Lhasa]]''". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.<ref name="bbcprofile" /> He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the [[Tibetic languages|language]], [[History of Tibet|history]], [[Tibetan Buddhism|religion]], and [[Tibet#Culture|culture]]. The [[Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts]] was established<ref name="bbcprofile" /> in 1959 and the [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]]<ref name="bbcprofile" /> became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.
 
The Dalai Lama appealed to the [[United Nations]] on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] in 1959, 1961, and 1965,<ref name="bbcprofile" /> all before the People's Republic [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|was allowed representation at the United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |title=Events of 1971 |work=Year in Review |year=1971 |publisher=United Press International |accessdate=28 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gYCuqxqS?url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |archivedate=5 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]].<ref name="bbcprofile" /> In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], creating an elected [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration|parliament]] and an [[Central Tibetan Administration|administration]] to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for [[Tibetology]] in the world.<ref name="LTWA">{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |title = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|year=1997 |publisher = [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] |accessdate = 23 September 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421150024/http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |archivedate=21 April 2008 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>
 
In 2016, there were demands from Indian politicians of different political parties and citizens to confer His Holiness The Dalai Lama the prestigious [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian honour of India which has only been awarded to a Non-Indian citizen twice in its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bharat-Ratna-demanded-for-Dalai-Lama/articleshow/55877372.cms|title=Bharat Ratna demanded for Dalai Lama – Times of India|publisher=}}</ref>
 
=== International advocacy ===
 
[[File:Dalai Lama and Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg|thumb|{{center|The Dalai Lama and [[Desmond Tutu]]}}]]
 
At the [[Congressional Human Rights Caucus]] in 1987 in [[Washington, D.C.]], the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without [[nuclear weapons]], and with support for [[human rights]], that barred the entry of [[Han Chinese]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} The plan would come to be known as the "Strasbourg proposal", because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at [[Strasbourg]] on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/05/china.lukeharding Interview] with ''[[The Guardian]]'', 5 September 2003</ref> In the 1970s, the then-[[Paramount leader]] [[Deng Xiaoping]] set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must [come back] as a Chinese citizen... that is, patriotism".<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10921943_3.htm |title = Origin of the title of "Dalai Lama" and its related background |date = 2009-03-01 |accessdate = 28 August 2010 |first=Jiang|last=Yuxia |publisher = [[Xinhua]]}}</ref>
 
The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. [[Patriarch Alexius II]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of Kalmykia.<ref>Fagan, Geraldine. "Russia: How Many Missionaries Now Denied Visas’." Forum 18 News Service. Vol. 7. 2005.</ref> Then President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), [[Chen Shui-bian]], attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the [[Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall]] in Taipei.<ref>{{cite news|title=China keeps up attacks on Dalai Lama |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/01/taiwan.dalailama.05/ |work=CNN |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218161849/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/01/taiwan.dalailama.05/ |archivedate=18 December 2006 }}</ref> In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the [[2008 Tibetan unrest|2008 Tibetan violence]] that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was "up to the Tibetan people" to decide what to do.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/11/200811382944579283.html |title = Dalai Lama admits Tibet failure |publisher = [[Al Jazeera]] |date = 2008-11-03 |accessdate = 28 August 2010}}</ref>
 
30 [[Taiwanese aborigines]] protested against the Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after [[Typhoon Morakot]] and denounced it as politically motivated.<ref>{{cite news |author= AFP |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Protesters accuse Dalai Lama of staging 'political show' in Taiwan |url= http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20090831-164580.html |newspaper= asiaone news |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Wang |first= Amber |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims |url= http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-world/dalai-lama-visits-taiwan-typhoon-victims-20090831-f4p7.html |newspaper= The Sydney Morning Herald |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Staff Writers |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims amid Chinese anger |url= http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_visits_Taiwan_typhoon_victims_amid_Chinese_anger_999.html |newspaper= Terra Daily |location= Kaohsiung, Taiwan (AFP) |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125168355194471405|title=Dalai Lama Visits Taiwan|date=2 September 2009|publisher=|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref>
 
The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and currently serves on the Advisory Council of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]].
 
The Dalai Lama has voiced his support for the [[Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]], an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/?mapcountry=allnob&mapgroup=nob|title=Overview|date=|work=Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp;
 
=== Teaching activities, public talks ===
 
[[File:Dalai lama teaching room.jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama's main teaching room at [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]]]
[[File:14th Dalai Lama at Bodh Gaya Kalachakra in December 1985.jpg|thumb|framed|Dalai Lama conferring Kalachakra initiation at Bodh Gaya, India, December 1985]]
[[File:Bodh Gaya Kalachakra crowd overview December 1985.jpg|thumb|right|Overview of teaching venue at Bodh Gaya Kalachakra, Dec. 1985]]
 
Giving [[public talks]] for non-Buddhist audiences and interviews and teaching Buddhism to large public audiences all over the world, as well as to private groups at his residence in India, appears to be the Dalai Lama's main activity.<ref name="Schedule">{{cite web |title = Schedule |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |accessdate = 19 May 2015}}</ref> Despite becoming 80 years old in 2015 he maintains a busy international lectures and teaching schedule.<ref name="Schedule" /> His [[public talks]] and [[teachings]] are usually [[webcast]] live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's [[website]], or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as [[public talks]], [[Convention (meeting)|conferences]], [[interviews]], [[dialogues]] and [[panel discussion]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title = Browse webcasts – Teachings |url = http://dalailama.com/webcasts/category/1 |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |accessdate = 19 May 2015}}</ref>
 
The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the [[Kalachakra tantra]] which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Kshipra Simon |title = His Holiness Dalai Lama leading the 33rd Kalachakra World Peace Prayer in Ladakh. |url = http://www.demotix.com/news/5330591/33rd-kalachakra-ladakh#media-5330334 |publisher = Demotix|location=New Delhi, India|format=Photojournalism |date = 21 July 2014}}</ref> most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in western venues like [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City|New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Washington DC]], [[Barcelona]], [[Graz]], [[Sydney]] and [[Toronto]].<ref name="Office of Dalai Lama">{{cite web |title = Kalachakra Initiations by His Holiness the Dalai Lama |url = http://dalailama.com/teachings/kalachakra-initiations |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |accessdate = 19 May 2015 |quote = List of}}</ref> The [[Kalachakra]] (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time.<ref name="Office of Dalai Lama" /><ref>{{cite web|author1=Antonia Blumberg |title = Dalai Lama Delivers Kalachakra Buddhist Teaching To Thousands Of Devotees |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/07/dalai-lama-kalachakra_n_5564616.html |publisher = Huffington Post |date = 7 July 2014 |quote = Roughly 150,000 devotees reportedly converged for the event}}</ref>
 
The Dalai Lama is the [[14th Dalai Lama#Publications|author of numerous books on Buddhism]],<ref name=books>{{cite web|author1=The Dalai Lama |title = Books (on Buddhism) by the Dalai Lama |url = http://www.dalailama.com/biography/books/ |publisher = Various |accessdate = 3 May 2015}}</ref> many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like [[Dzogchen]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |url=http://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/dzogchen-the-heart-essence-of-the-great-perfection/ |publisher=Shambala Publications |accessdate=3 May 2015 }}</ref> a Nyingma practice.
 
In Dalai Lama’s essay, "The Ethic of Compassion" (1999), he expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to "cultivate love." He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognize that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalai Lama XIV|title="The Ethic of Compassion."|date=1999|publisher=Riverhead Books|pages=123–31}}</ref>
 
He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries,<ref name=DLSch>{{cite web |title = Schedule |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |accessdate = 3 May 2015|location=World-wide}}</ref> and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the [[Nalanda]] tradition, such as Nagarjuna,<ref>{{cite web|title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Brisbane |url=http://www.karuna.org.au/announcements/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-brisbane |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110134531/http://www.karuna.org.au/announcements/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-brisbane |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 January 2015 |date=5 January 2015 |quote=The Dalai Lama’s Brisbane teaching will be based on the classic text, Nagarjuna’s 'Precious Garland' }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Donald S Lopez Jr. |title = Nagarjuna |url = http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401601/Nagarjuna |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |date = 24 April 2014}}</ref> Kamalashila,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jamyang Dorjee Chakrishar |title=When Indian Pandit Kamalashila defeated China’s Hashang in Tibet |url=http://www.sherpaworld.com/show.php?at=1&sn=6805 |publisher=Sherpa World |accessdate=3 May 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521052014/http://www.sherpaworld.com/show.php?at=1&sn=6805 |archivedate=21 May 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama teaching Kamalashila text in Australia, 2008 |url = http://www.dalailamainaustralia.org/pages/?PageID=210 |publisher = Dalai Lama in Australia |date = 11 June 2008 |quote = by reference to Kamalashila's text, His Holiness the Dalai Lama will demonstrate how the nature of awareness, developed through meditative practices can be transformed into the direct perceptual wisdom necessary to achieve enlightenment itself}}</ref> Shantideva,<ref>{{cite web |title = Compassion in Emptiness: Dalai Lama Teaches Shantideva |url = http://www.oscilloscope.net/films/film/51/Compassion-in-Emptiness |publisher = Oscilloscope |format = DVD set |date = 7 May 2011 |quote = In 2010, His Holiness traveled to New York City to teach A Commentary on Bodhicitta by Nagarjuna and A Guide to the Bodhisattva’s Way of Life by Shantideva.}}</ref> Atisha,<ref name="Atis">{{cite web|author1=Phuntsok Yangchen |title = Disciples from over 60 countries attend the Dalai Lama’s teachings |url = http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32210 |publisher = Phayul.com |date = 1 October 2012 |quote = The Dalai Lama today began his four-day teachings on Atisha’s [text] 'Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment'}}</ref> Ayradeva<ref name="Arya">{{cite web |title = The Dalai Lama's Boston teachings |url = http://www.shambhala.com/blog/shambhala/the-dalai-lamas-teaching-on-stages-of-meditation |publisher = Shambala Publications |date = 17 October 2012 |quote = Texts mentioned by His Holiness in his talk ... Aryadeva's 400 Stanzas of the Middle Way}}</ref> and so on.
 
The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters,<ref>{{cite web|author1=James Blumenthal, Ph.D |title = The Seventeen Pandits of Nalanda Monastery |url = http://fpmt.org/mandala/archives/mandala-for-2012/july/the-seventeen-pandits-of-nalanda-monastery/ |publisher = FPMT |accessdate = 19 May 2015|ref=Mandala Magazine|format=Online Magazine |date = July 2012 |quote = he Dalai Lama frequently refers to himself as a follower of the lineage of the seventeen Nalanda masters today}}</ref> in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India,<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Seventeen Paṇḍitas of Nālandā |url=http://www.bodhimarga.org/meditation-teachings/the-nalanda-tradition/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20160424082907/http://www.bodhimarga.org/meditation-teachings/the-nalanda-tradition/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=24 April 2016 |publisher=Bodhimarga |accessdate=19 May 2015 |quote=they came to shape the very meaning of Buddhist philosophy and religious practice, both in India and Tibet }}</ref> since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he has composed a poem of invocation,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dalai Lama |title = An invocation of the seventeen great sagely adepts of glorious Nalanda |url = http://thubtenchodron.org/2001/12/nalanda-prayer/ |publisher = Bhikshuni Thubten Chodron|format=Poetry |date = 15 December 2001}}</ref> were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since.<ref>{{cite news|author1=HT Correspondent |title = Tibetan language must to keep Nalanda tradition alive: Dalai Lama |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/himachalpradesh/tibetan-language-must-to-keep-nalanda-tradition-alive-dalai-lama/article1-1323860.aspx |publisher = Hindustan Times |date = 7 March 2015|location=Dharamsala |quote = The unique quality of Tibetan Buddhism is that it is based on ancient India's Nalanda Buddhist tradition}}</ref>
 
As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on [[Dzogchen]], which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'.<ref>{{cite web |title = A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism |url = http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=article&id=421 |publisher = Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive |accessdate = 18 May 2015}}</ref> Again in London in 1996 he taught the [[Four Noble Truths]], the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Tseten Samdup |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama will visit the UK from July 15-22 1996 |url = http://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/archive/old?y=1996&m=7&p=7_2 |publisher = World Tibet Network News |date = 7 July 1996 |quote = For the first time in the West, His Holiness the Dalai Lama will give two exclusive days of teaching on 17 and 18 July 1996 on the Four Noble Truths – the heart of the Buddha's teachings. This has been requested by The Network of Buddhist Organisations – a forum for dialogue and co-operation between Buddhist organisations in the UK.}}</ref>
 
In India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala<ref name="Atis" /> and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements,<ref name="DLSch" /> in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees.<ref>{{cite web |title = Teachings |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |accessdate = 3 May 2015 |quote = His Holiness has also been giving teachings in India at the request of various Buddhist devotees from Taiwan and Korea}}</ref> In India, no fees are charged to attend these teachings since costs are covered by requesting sponsors.<ref name="DLSch" /> When he travels abroad to give teachings there is usually a ticket fee calculated by the inviting organization to cover the costs involved<ref name="DLSch" /> and any surplus is normally to be donated to recognised charities.<ref>{{cite web |title = ONLINE DONATION FACILITY IS AVAILABLE |url = http://www.dalailamainaustralia.org/schedule/detail.aspx?ArtistID=19 |publisher = Dalai Lama in Australia |accessdate = 3 May 2015 |quote = Should there be any surplus funds from His Holiness' events, that surplus will be disbursed to charitable organizations under the advisement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama}}</ref>
 
On his frequent tours of India, Asia and the west he is also often invited to give, alongside his Buddhist teachings, public talks for non-Buddhist audiences.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Michael Caddell |title = His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to give public talk at Princeton University |url = https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S41/02/76E28/index.xml?section=topstories |publisher = Princeton University |date = 9 September 2014 |quote = The Dalai Lama will give a public talk, "Develop the Heart," at 9:30 a.m. at Jadwin Gymnasium. As a scholar and a monk, the Dalai Lama will highlight the importance of developing compassion and kindness, alongside the intellect, in an academic environment}}</ref> His talks and teaching activities in the U.S., for example, have included the following: on his April 2008 U.S. tour, he gave lectures at the [[University of Michigan]], Ann Arbor, at [[Rutgers University]] (New Jersey) and [[Colgate University]] (New York)<ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama Visits Colgate |url = http://dalailama.com/news.242.htm |publisher = The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |accessdate = 23 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506015358/http://www.dalailama.com/news.242.htm |archivedate=6 May 2008}}</ref> Later in July, the Dalai Lama gave a public lecture and conducted a series of teachings at [[Lehigh University]] (Pennsylvania).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www3.lehigh.edu/dalaiLama/index.html |title = Lehigh University: His Holiness the Dalai Lama |publisher = .lehigh.edu |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref> On 8 May 2011, the [[University of Minnesota]] bestowed upon him their highest award, an Honorary Doctor of Letters.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dalailama.umn.edu/ |title = The Dalai Lama |publisher = umn.edu |accessdate = 9 May 2012}}</ref> and during a return trip to Minnesota on 2 March 2014, he spoke at [[Macalester College]] which awarded him an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://themacweekly.com/2014/03/his-holiness-the-14th-dalai-lama-visits-macalester-speaks-to-over-3500/ |title = His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama visits Macalester, speaks to over 3,500 |publisher =The Mac Weekly |accessdate = 9 March 2014}}</ref>
 
Dozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive.<ref>{{cite web |title = Public talks |url = http://dalailama.com/webcasts/category/4 |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |accessdate = 19 May 2015|format=Video}}</ref>
 
=== Interfaith dialogue ===
 
The Dalai Lama met [[Pope Paul VI]] at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] in 1973. He met [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue.<ref>Kamenetz, Rodger (1994)[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060645741 The Jew in the Lotus] Harper Collins: 1994.</ref> He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met [[Pope Benedict XVI]] privately. He has met the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], Dr. [[Robert Runcie]], and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], who at the time was the president of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormons), as well as senior [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Jewish]], and [[Sikh]] officials.
The Dalai Lama is also currently a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of [[The Elijah Interfaith Institute]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=729 |title = The Elijah Interfaith Institute – Buddhist Members of the Board of World Religious Leaders |publisher = Elijah-interfaith.org |date = 2006-12-24 |accessdate = 17 July 2013}}</ref> and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in [[Amritsar]], India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/programs/board-of-world-religious-leaders/third-meeting-of-the-bwrl.html |title=Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders |publisher=Elijah-interfaith.org |date=2013-04-07 |accessdate=17 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227160915/https://www.elijah-interfaith.org/programs/board-of-world-religious-leaders/third-meeting-of-the-bwrl.html |archivedate=27 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>
 
On 6 January 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an [[interfaith]] "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference at [[Gujarat]]'s [[Mahuva (Bhavnagar district)|Mahuva]] which was convened by the Hindu preacher [[Morari Bapu]]. This conference explored "ways and means to deal with the discord among major religions", according to [[Morari Bapu]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-Lama-inaugurates-6day-world-religions-.../407503 |title = Dalai Lama inaugurates 6-day world religions meet at Mahua |publisher = Indianexpress.com |date = 7 January 2009 |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = Canada Tibet Committee |url = http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/5137 |title = Dalai Lama to inaugurate inter-faith conference |publisher = Tibet.ca |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref>
 
On 12 May 2010 the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of select scholars, officially launched the [[Common Ground Project]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://islambuddhism.com/ |title = Islam and Buddhism |publisher = Islambuddhism.com |date = 2010-05-12 |accessdate = 17 July 2013}}</ref> in [[Bloomington, Indiana]] (USA),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://islambuddhism.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22:dalai-lama-muslim-leaders-seek-peace-in-bloomington&catid=6:in-the-news&Itemid=4 |title = Dalai Lama, Muslim Leaders Seek Peace in Bloomington |publisher = Islambuddhism.com |date = 2010-05-31 |accessdate = 17 July 2013}}</ref> which was planned by himself and [[Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad]] of [[Jordan]] during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book ''Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism''.<ref>{{cite book |title = Common Ground Between Islam and Buddhism |date = 2010 |publisher = Fons Vitae|location=Louisville, KY. |ISBN =978-1-891785-62-7}}</ref>
 
=== Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute ===
 
The Dalai Lama’s lifelong interest in science<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|author1=Tenzin Gyatso |title = Our Faith in Science |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/12/opinion/12dalai.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |publisher = New York Times |date = 12 November 2005 |quote = Science has always fascinated me}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Melissa Rice |title = Carl Sagan and the Dalai Lama found deep connections in 1991–92 meetings, says Sagan's widow |url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2007/10/meeting-two-minds-carl-sagan-and-dalai-lama |publisher = Cormell University, Cornell Chronicle |date = 3 October 2007 |quote = The Dalai Lama, who has had a lifelong interest in science}}</ref> and technology<ref name=Grnd>{{cite web|author1=James Kingsland |title = Dalai Lama enlightens and enraptures contemplative scientists in Boston |url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/nov/03/dalai-lama-scientists-boston-international-symposium-contemplative-studies |publisher = The Guardian|location=Boston, USA |date = 3 November 2014 |quote = Asked how his interest in science originally developed he said he’d been fascinated by technology since childhood, recalling a clockwork toy British soldier with a gun that he played with for a few days before taking apart to see how it worked. He described how as a young man visiting China he was excited to be shown around hydroelectric dams and metal smelting works}}</ref> dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers<ref name="Grnd" /> and motor cars,<ref name=itm>{{cite web|title=The Dalai Lama and Western Science |url=http://www.investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |publisher=Mind and Life Institute |accessdate=6 May 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219190156/http://investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |archivedate=19 February 2015 |df= }}</ref> and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them.<ref name="nyt" /> Once, observing [[the moon]] through a [[telescope]] as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan [[cosmologists]] had taught him.<ref name="nyt" /> He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an [[engineer]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Bobbie L Kyle |title = 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Dalai Lama |url = https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2008/03/28/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-dalai-lama |publisher = The U.S. News & World Report |date = 28 March 2008 |quote = The Dalai Lama has an interest in machines, which he developed as a young boy. As a teenager he repaired a movie projector by himself, without its guide or any instructions. He has been known to say that he would have become an engineer if he hadn't been a monk}}</ref> On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit [[Cambridge University]]’s [[astrophysics]] department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as [[Sir Karl Popper]], [[David Bohm]] and [[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker]],<ref name=itm /> who taught him the basics of science.
 
The Dalai Lama sees important common ground between [[science and Buddhism]] in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of [[empirical evidence]] that comes from [[observation]] and [[analysis]] of [[phenomena]].<ref name=MITTR>{{cite web|author1=Curt Newton |title = Meditation and the Brain |url = http://www.technologyreview.com/news/402450/meditation-and-the-brain/|website=technologyreview.com |publisher = MIT Technology Review |date = 1 February 2004 |quote = The Dalai Lama notes that both traditions encourage challenging dogma based on observation and analysis, and a willingness to revise views based on empirical evidence.}}</ref>
 
His growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the [[Buddhism and science]] interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the [[Alpbach]] Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist [[Francisco J. Varela]].<ref name=itm /> Also in 1983, the American [[social entrepreneur]] and [[innovator]] [[R. Adam Engle]],<ref>{{cite web|author1=Vincent Horn |title = The Evolution of the Mind and Life Dialogues |url = http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |publisher = Buddhist Geeks |accessdate = 9 May 2015|ref=BD 122|format=Podcast Interview, transcription |quote = This week, Adam Engle, the business mastermind behind the Mind and Life Institute, joins us to discuss both the evolution of the project as well as its larger impact}}</ref> who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Begley, Sharon |title = Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain |date = 2007 |publisher = Random House|location=New York |ISBN =978-0-345-47989-1 |page = 19|edition=2008 Paperback|chapter=1}}</ref> In 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue.<ref name=TYM1>{{cite book|author1=Begley, Sharon |title = Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain |date = 2007 |publisher = Random House|location=New York |ISBN =978-0-345-47989-1|pages=20–22|edition=2008 Paperback|chapter=1}}</ref> Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was "''truly interested in participating in something substantial about science''" so Engle proceeded with launching the project.<ref name=TYM1 /> [[Francisco Varela]], having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project.<ref name="TYM1" /> Engle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first [[Mind and Life Institute|'Mind and Life']] dialogue on the [[cognitive sciences]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/mission/ |title = Mission |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |accessdate = 6 May 2015 |quote = Mind and Life emerged in 1987 from a meeting of three visionaries: Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama — the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people and a global advocate for compassion; Adam Engle, a lawyer and entrepreneur; and Francisco Varela, a neuroscientist}}</ref> which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987.<ref name=itm /><ref name="TYM1" /> This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future.<ref name=BG122>{{cite web|author1=Vincent Horn |title = The Evolution of the Mind and Life Dialogues |url = http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |publisher = Buddhist Geeks |accessdate = 9 May 2015|ref=BD 122}}</ref> Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with [[neuroscientists]] in California, and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, ''"Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind".''<ref>{{cite web |title = Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind |url = https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/104960.Gentle_Bridges |publisher = Shambala |accessdate = 6 May 2015 |quote = a historic meeting that took place between several prominent Western scientists and the Dalai Lama}}</ref>
 
As [[Mind and Life Institute]]'s remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of [[neurobiological]] research programmes in the U.S.A. under scientific conditions.<ref name=BG122 /> Over the ensuing decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of [[consciousness]] to [[cosmology]] and from [[quantum mechanics]] to the [[neuroplasticity]] of the brain.<ref>{{cite web |title = Past Dialogues |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues-dalai-lama/ |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |accessdate = 6 May 2015}}</ref> Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]],<ref>{{cite web |title = The Dalai Lama Centre for Ethics and Transformative Values |url = http://thecenter.mit.edu/about/mission/ |publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate = 7 May 2015 |quote = The Center focuses on the development of interdisciplinary research and programs in varied fields of knowledge, from science and technology to education and international relations}}</ref> [[Johns Hopkins University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Science and Clinical Applications of Meditation |url=http://www.investigatingthemind.org/about.sponsors.html |publisher=Mind and Life XIII |date=2005 |quote=Johns Hopkins is one of the world's premier centers for scholarship, research and patient care |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220020049/http://investigatingthemind.org/about.sponsors.html |archivedate=20 February 2015 |df= }}</ref> the [[Mayo Clinic]]<ref>{{cite web |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama to Give Special Presentation at Mayo Clinic |url = http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-to-give-special-presentation-at-mayo-clinic/?_ga=1.228989404.1318053370.1426080660 |publisher = Mayo Clinic |date = 20 April 2012}}</ref> and [[University of Zurich|Zurich University]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Tenzin Gyatso |title = Science at the Crossroads |url = http://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/science-at-the-crossroads |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama|location=Washington DC |date = 12 November 2005 |quote = I am also grateful to the numerous eminent scientists with whom I have had the privilege of engaging in conversations through the auspices of the Mind and Life Institute which initiated the Mind and Life conferences that began in 1987 at my residence in Dharamsala, India. These dialogues have continued over the years and in fact the latest Mind and Life dialogue concluded here in Washington just this week.}}</ref>
 
Apart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between [[Buddhism and science]] through the ongoing series of [[Mind and Life Institute|Mind and Life]] dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity.<ref name=Grnd /> As the Institute's Cofounder and the Honorary Chairman he has personally presided over and participated in all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title = Dialogues with the Dalai Lama |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues-dalai-lama/ |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |accessdate = 6 May 2015 |quote = These Dialogues will expand as Mind and Life grows to include Europe, Asia, and beyond}}</ref>
 
These activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as ‘''Ethics for the New Millennium''’ and ‘''The Universe in a Single Atom''’, as well as scientific papers and university research programmes.<ref name=pdf>{{cite web |title = A 25 Years History of Accomplishment |url = https://www.dropbox.com/sh/gns1ff0ziu9ikx3/AAAH3rqan1jP_RyksNVOYl0Da/MLI%2025%20years%20of%20Accomplishment.pdf?dl=0 |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |accessdate = 6 May 2015|format=PDF |date = 2012}}</ref> On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dalai Lama and Western Science |url=http://www.investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |publisher=Mind and Life Institute |accessdate=6 May 2015 |quote=he has led a campaign to introduce basic science education in Tibetan Buddhist monastic colleges and academic centers, and has encouraged Tibetan scholars to engage with science as a way of revitalizing the Tibetan philosophical tradition |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219190156/http://investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |archivedate=19 February 2015 |df= }}</ref> On the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership,<ref>{{cite web|title=Emory-Tibet Science Initiative receives $1 million grant from Dalai Lama Trust |url=https://tibet.emory.edu/news-and-media/news/2014/emory-tibet-science-initiative-receives-1-million-grant-from-dalai-lama-trust/index.html |publisher=Emory University |location=Georgia, USA |date=2014 |quote=For more than 30 years I have been engaged in an ongoing exchange with scientists, exploring what modern scientific knowledge and time-honored science of mind embodied by the Tibetan tradition can bring to each other's understanding of reality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083919/https://tibet.emory.edu/news-and-media/news/2014/emory-tibet-science-initiative-receives-1-million-grant-from-dalai-lama-trust/index.html |archivedate=18 May 2015 |df= }}</ref> [[Stanford School of Medicine]]’s Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES)<ref>{{cite web |title = His Holiness the XIVth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso Founding Patron, CCARE |url = http://ccare.stanford.edu/about/people/patron-committee/#150 |publisher = Stanford University School of Medicine |accessdate = 7 May 2015|location=Palo Alto, California |quote = He has been a strong supporter of the neurosciences for over two decades. His Holiness is a benefactor of CCARE having personally provided the largest sum he has ever given to scientific research}}</ref> and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds,<ref>{{cite web|title=Our History |url=http://www.investigatinghealthyminds.org/ |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison |accessdate=7 May 2015 |location=Madison, Wisconsin, USA |quote=In 1992, the Dalai Lama personally challenged Dr. Davidson to investigate how well-being could be nurtured through the insights from neuroscience. His Holiness believes that "All humans have an innate desire to overcome suffering and find happiness." This launched a robust series of research studies and new discoveries have emerged about how the mind works and how well-being can be cultivated. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507230519/http://www.investigatinghealthyminds.org/ |archivedate=7 May 2015 |df= }}</ref> amongst others.
 
In particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology.<ref name="pdf" />
 
In his 2005 book ''The Universe in a Single Atom'' and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: "If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lama|first1=Dalai |title = The Universe in a Single Atom |date = 2005 |publisher = Random House|location=New York |ISBN =978-0-375-72845-7 |page = 3|edition=First Large Print}}</ref> He has also cited examples of archaic Buddhist ideas he has abandoned himself on this basis.<ref name="nyt" /><ref>{{cite web|author1=James Kingsland |title = Dalai Lama enlightens and enraptures contemplative scientists in Boston |url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/nov/03/dalai-lama-scientists-boston-international-symposium-contemplative-studies |publisher = The Guardian|location=Boston, USA |date = 3 November 2014 |quote = He ... had long since abandoned Buddhist ideas about cosmology after reading about the findings of modern astronomers}}</ref>
 
These activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a Professor of Religion took place in Beijing. Entitled "High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science" it addressed the same considerations that interest the Dalai Lama, described as 'discussing about the similarities between Buddhism and modern science'.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Lethe Guo |title=High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science |url=http://eng.tibet.cn/2010zj/zjhd/201312/t20131219_1960457.html |publisher=China Tibet Online |date=18 December 2013 |quote=crossover between Buddhism and science has become a hot topic in the academic and cultural circles over the recent decades |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005160313/http://eng.tibet.cn/2010zj/zjhd/201312/t20131219_1960457.html |archivedate=5 October 2015 |df= }}</ref>
 
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
 
{{Sister project links
|wikt = no
|commons = སྐུ་མདུན་
|b = Tenzin Gyatso
|n = Category:Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
|q = Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama
|s = Author:Tenzin Gyatso
|v = Tenzin Gyatso
|species = no
}}
 
* {{Official website |1 = http://www.dalailama.com/}}
* [http://fpmt.org/teachers/hhdl/speeches.php Collection of speeches and letters]
* [http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama H.H. the Fourteenth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso] – at Rigpa Wiki
* [http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/searchterm/Bstan-%CA%BCdzin-rgya-mtsho/order/title Photographs of the Dalai Lama's visit to UC Santa Cruz, October 1979 from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections]
* {{C-SPAN|Dalai Lama}}
 
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou |[[Dalai Lama]]|6 July|1935}}
{{s-rel |bu}}
{{s-bef |before = [[13th Dalai Lama|Thubten Gyatso]]}}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Dalai Lama]] |years = 1935–present<br />{{small|Recognised in 1937; enthroned in 1940}}}}
{{s-inc |heir = [[15th Dalai Lama]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef |before = [[3rd Taktra Rinpoche|Ngawang Sungrab Thutob]]<br />{{small|Regent}}}}
{{s-ttl |title = Ruler of [[Tibet]] |years = 1950–1959<br />{{small|Part of the [[People's Republic of China]] from 1951}}}}
{{s-non |reason = Position abolished}}
|-
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Head of state]] of the <br /> [[Central Tibetan Administration]]|years=1959–2012}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Lobsang Sangay]] |as = [[Sikyong]]}}
|-
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef | before = [[United Nations peacekeeping|United Nations <br /> Peacekeeping Forces]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Laureate]] of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] | years = 1989 }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] }}
{{s-end}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalai Lama, 14th}}
[[Category:14th Dalai Lama| ]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Lamas]]
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]
[[Category:Living people]]