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{{Infobox officeholder
|name = {{raise|0.2em|ស៊ី ជីនពីង}}
|native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|习近平}}}}}}
|image = Xi Jinping March 2017.jpg
|caption = ស៊ី ជីនពីងនៅខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ ២០១៧
|office = [[អគ្គ​លេខា​ធិ​ការគណបក្សកុម្មុយនិស្តចិន|អគ្កលេខាធិការ]][[គណៈកម្មាធិការមជ្ឈិមគណបក្សកុម្មុយនិស្តចិន|គណៈកម្មាធិការ]]នៃ[[គណបក្សកុម្មុយនិស្តចិន]]
|term_start = [[១៥ វិច្ឆិកា]] [[ឆ្នាំ ២០១២]]
|term_end =
|1blankname = ឋានានុក្រម
|1namedata = {{List collapsed|title=''[[គណៈកម្មាធិការអចិន្ត្រៃយ៍នៃការិយាល័យនយោបាយនៃគណបក្សកុម្មុយនិស្តចិន|គណៈកម្មាធិការអចិន្ត្រៃយ៍នៃការិយាល័យនយោបាយ]]ទី ១៩''|1={{plain list|
*១. ខ្លួនឯង
*២. [[លី កេឈាំង]]
*៣. [[ចាង ឌឺជាំង]]
*៤. [[យូ ហ្សេងសេង]]
*៥. [[លិវ យុនសាន]]
*៦. [[វ៉ាង ឈីសាន]]
*៧. [[ចាង ហ្គាវលី]]
}}}}
|predecessor = [[ហ៊ូ ជីនតាវ]]
|successor =
|office1 = [[ប្រធានាធិបតីសាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតចិន]]ទី ៧
|premier1 = [[លី កេឈាំង]]
|vicepresident1 = [[Li Yuanchao]]
|term_start1 = ១៤ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ ២០១៣
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = [[Hu Jintao]]
|successor1 =
|office2 = [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission|Chairman]] of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]]
|deputy2 = [[Fan Changlong]]<br>[[Xu Qiliang]]
|term_start2 = 15 November 2012 {{small|(Party Commission)}}<br />14 March 2013 {{small|(State Commission)}}
|term_end2 =
|predecessor2 = [[Hu Jintao]]
|successor2 =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|6|15}}
|birth_place = [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Communist Party of China]] (1974–present)
|spouse = Ke Lingling (divorced)<br />[[Peng Liyuan]] (m. 1987)
|children = [[Xi Mingze]] (daughter)
|residence = [[Zhongnanhai]]
|alma_mater = [[Tsinghua University]]
|relations = [[Xi Zhongxun]] (father)<br />[[Qi Xin]] (mother)<br />[[Qi Qiaoqiao]] (sister)<br />Qi An'an (sister)<br />Xi Heping (brother)<br />Xi Qianping (brother)<br />Xi Zhengning (brother)<br />Xi Yuanping (brother)<br />[[Deng Jiagui]] (brother-in-law)
|signature =
|footnotes =
{{Collapsible list
|titlestyle= background-color:#FFCCFF;
|title=Central institution membership
|bullets=on
| 2007–: [[17th Politburo of the Communist Party of China|17th]], [[18th Politburo of the Communist Party of China|18th]] Politburo Standing Committee
| 2007–: [[17th Politburo of the Communist Party of China|17th]], [[18th Politburo of the Communist Party of China|18th]] Politburo
| 2007–: Secretary (first-ranked), 17th Central Secretariat
| 2002–: Full member, [[16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|16th]], [[17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|17th]], [[18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|18th]] Central Committee
| 1997–2002: Alternate member, [[15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|15th]] Central Committee
| 1998–: Delegate, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th National People's Congress
}}
----
{{Collapsible list
|titlestyle= background-color:#FFCCFF;
|title=Central leading group posts
|bullets=on
| 2014–: Leader, [[Central Leading Group for Military Reform|Leading Group for Defence and Military Reform]]
| 2014–: Leader, [[Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization|Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization]]
| 2013–: Leader, [[Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs]]
| 2013–: Leader, [[Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms]]
| 2012–: Leader, [[Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs]]
| 2012–: Leader, [[Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group of the Communist Party of China|Foreign Affairs Leading Group]]
| 2007–2012: Leader, [[Central Leading Group for Party Building of the Communist Party of China|Leading Group for Party Building]]
| c. 2007–2012: Leader, Leading Group for Activities of Deepening the Study and Practice of the Outlook of Scientific Development
| 2007–2012: Leader, [[Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs]]
}}
----
{{Collapsible list
|titlestyle= background-color:#FFCCFF;
|title=Other offices held
|bullets=on
| 2016–: Commander-in-chief, Joint Battle Command of the [[People's Liberation Army]]
| 2013–: Chairman, [[National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China|National Security Commission]]
| 2010–2013: Vice Chairman, State Central Military Commission
| 2010–2012: [[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission|Vice Chairman, Party Central Military Commission]]
| 2008–2013: [[Vice President of the People's Republic of China]]
| 2007–2012: President, [[Central Party School of the Communist Party of China|Central Party School]]
| 2007: [[CPC party chief|Party Secretary]], Shanghai municipality
| 2002–2007: Party Secretary, Zhejiang province
| 2002: Deputy Party Secretary & acting governor, Zhejiang province
| 1999–2002: Governor, Fujian province
| 1995–2002: Deputy Party Secretary, Fujian province
| 1990–1996: Party Secretary, [[Fuzhou]]
| 1990–1996: Chairman, Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Fuzhou
| 1988–1990: Party Secretary, [[Ningde]]
| 1985–1988: Deputy Mayor, Xiamen
| 1983–1985: Party Secretary, [[Zhengding County]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Xi Jinping (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Xi Jinping" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| picsize = 140px
| s = 习近平
| t = 習近平
| p = Xí Jìnpíng
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|x|i|2|-|j|in|4|.|p|ing|2}}
| h = Sip<sup>6</sup> Kiun<sup>4</sup> Pin<sup>2</sup><ref>[http://www.hkilang.org/NEW_WEB/page/dictionary "Association for Conversation of Hong Kong Indigenous Languages Online Dictionary] for [[Hakka Chinese|Hong Kong Hakka]] and [[Punti|Hong Kong Punti (Weitou dialect)]]".</ref>
| y = Jaahp Gahn-pìhng
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|aap|6|-|g|an|6|.|p|ing|4}}
| j = Zaap6 Gan6-ping4
| poj = Sip Kīn-pîng
|buc= Sĭk Gê̤ṳng-ping
| wuu =xxiq<sup>5</sup> jjin<sup>3</sup> bin<sup>3</sup>
| order = st
}}
{{Xi Jinping sidebar}}
 
'''Xi Jinping''' ({{small|pronounced}} {{IPA-cmn|ɕǐ tɕìn.pʰǐŋ|}}, {{zh|s=习近平}}; born 15 June 1953) is the current [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of China]],<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/features/leadership/node_1086673.htm Who's Who in China's Leadership<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816052944/http://www.china.org.cn/features/leadership/node_1086673.htm |date=16 August 2016 }}</ref> [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]] of the [[China|People's Republic of China]], and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission|Chairman]] of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]]. As Xi holds the top offices of the party and the military, in addition to being the [[head of state]] through the office of the president, he is sometimes referred to as China's "[[Paramount Leader]]"<ref name=cary>{{cite web|last1= Huang|first1= Cary|title= Xi Jinping pledges renewal of the nation|url= http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1094272/xi-jinping-pledges-renewal-nation|work= South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref name=wang>{{cite news|last1= Wang|first1= Xiangwei|title= Xi moves closer to becoming another paramount leader|url= http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1358774/xi-moves-closer-becoming-another-paramount-leader|work= South China Morning Post|date= 18 November 2013}}</ref> and recognized by the party as its [[leadership core|leadership "core"]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/article/plenum-piece/|title=All hail Xi, China's third 'core' leader|last=Wu|first=Zhong|date=2016-10-23|website=www.atimes.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-11}}</ref> As [[General Secretary of the Communist Party|General Secretary]], Xi holds an [[ex-officio]] seat on the [[Politburo Standing Committee]], China's top decision-making body.
 
The son of Communist veteran [[Xi Zhongxun]], Xi Jinping rose through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. Xi was governor of [[Fujian]] from 1999 to 2002, and governor, then [[Party Committee Secretary|party secretary]] of neighboring [[Zhejiang]] province from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of [[Chen Liangyu]], Xi was transferred to Shanghai as party secretary for a brief period in 2007. Xi joined the Politburo Standing Committee and [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee|central secretariat]] in October 2007, spending the next five years as [[Hu Jintao]]'s presumed successor. Xi was [[Vice-President of the People's Republic of China|vice-president]] from 2008 to 2013 and [[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] from 2010 to 2012.
 
Since assuming power, Xi has attempted to legitimize the authority of the Communist Party by introducing far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and to ensure internal unity. He initiated an unprecedented and far-reaching [[Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping|campaign against corruption]], leading to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired officials.<ref name="lam2014">{{cite news|title= China's Soft-Power Deficit Widens as Xi Tightens Screws Over Ideology|url= http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43160&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=25&cHash=d5d24d2f82c5981963c0180d300e62cd#.VOOBN_nF9uM|work= the China Brief|publisher= Brookings Institution|date= 5 December 2014}}</ref> Xi has also imposed further restrictions over [[civil society]] and ideological discourse, advocating the concept of "internet sovereignty".
 
Considered the central figure of the People's Republic's [[Generations of Chinese leadership|fifth generation of leadership]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/ias/archiv/cds/cds_0905.pdf |title= deckblatt-ca-data sup-form.pdf |format= PDF |accessdate= 20 October 2010}}</ref> Xi has significantly centralized institutional power by taking on a wide range of leadership positions, including chairing the newly formed [[National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China|National Security Commission]], as well as new steering committees on economic and social reforms, military reform, and the Internet. Xi has called for further market economic reforms, for governing according to the law and for strengthening legal institutions, with an emphasis on individual and national aspirations under the [[neologism]] "[[Chinese Dream]]".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9935609/Xi-Jinping-calls-for-a-Chinese-Dream.html|title= Xi Jinping calls for a Chinese dream, Daily Telegraph|accessdate= 20 March 2013}}</ref> Xi has also championed a more assertive foreign policy, particularly with regards to [[Sino-Japanese relations]], China's [[South China Sea dispute|claims]] in the [[South China Sea Islands|South China Sea]], and its role as a leading advocate of free trade and globalization. He has also sought to expand China's regional influence through the [[One Belt, One Road]] initiative, played a leading role in the fight against climate change, and invested heavily in energy and natural resources.<ref name="lam2014"/>
 
==Early life and education==
[[File:Xi Jinping, Xi Yuanping and Xi Zhongxun in 1958.jpg|thumbnail|left|Five-year-old Xi Jinping (left) with Xi Yuanping (younger brother, center, zh:習遠平)), and [[Xi Zhongxun]] (father, right, zh: 習仲勲)) in 1958.]]
Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953. After the founding of the Communist state in 1949, [[Xi Zhongxun|Xi's father]] held a series of posts, including [[Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China|propaganda]] chief, [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China|vice-premier]], and vice-chairman of the [[National People's Congress]].<ref name=rfe711>{{cite news|title=Profile: Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/china-profile-xi-jinping/24764283.html|accessdate=26 August 2013|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=7 November 2012}}</ref> Xi's father is from [[Fuping County, Shaanxi|Fuping County]], Shaanxi, and Xi could further trace his patrilineal descent from Xiying in [[Dengzhou]], Henan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hn.wenweipo.com/news/zhuanti/2012-11-16/23713.html|title=本報獨家探訪河南鄧州習營村|date=16 November 2012|work=[[Wen Wei Po]]|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> He is the second son of Xi Zhongxun and his wife [[Qi Xin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872.htm |title=與丈夫習仲勛相伴58年 齊心：這輩子無比幸福_讀書頻道_新華網|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=28 April 2009|accessdate=18 March 2013}}</ref>
 
When Xi was age 10, his father was purged from the Party and sent to work in a factory in [[Luoyang]], Henan.<ref>[[Charles-Edouard Bouée|Bouée, Charles-Edouard]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=FhtRA3XJY9gC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=Luoyang+factory+xi+jinping&source=bl&ots=5P9joXBHtp&sig=Ee73FKw784tZvKG4Qv-RtXnRNnE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=si08T9jJK8jC2wWC5ZXzBg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Luoyang%20factory%20xi%20jinping&f=false ''China's Management Revolution: Spirit, Land, Energy''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827024824/https://books.google.com/books?id=FhtRA3XJY9gC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=Luoyang+factory+xi+jinping&source=bl&ots=5P9joXBHtp&sig=Ee73FKw784tZvKG4Qv-RtXnRNnE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=si08T9jJK8jC2wWC5ZXzBg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Luoyang%20factory%20xi%20jinping&f=false |date=27 August 2016 }}, (Palgrave Macmillan, 15 December 2010), p. 93; via [[Googlebooks]]. Retrieved 15 February 2012.</ref> In May 1966, Xi's secondary education was cut short by the [[Cultural Revolution]], when all secondary classes were halted for students to criticise and fight their teachers. Xi was age 15 when his father was jailed in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. Without the protection of his father, Xi was sent to work in [[Yanchuan County]], Shaanxi, in 1969 in [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Down to the Countryside Movement]]. He later became the Party branch secretary of the production team, leaving that post in 1975. When asked about this experience later by Chinese state television, Xi recalled, "It was emotional. It was a mood. And when the ideals of the Cultural Revolution could not be realised, it proved an illusion."<ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Watts|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/26/china.uknews4 |title=Most corrupt officials are from poor families but Chinese royals have a spirit that is not dominated by money|accessdate=11 June 2008 |work=The Guardian|location=London|date= 26 October 2007}}</ref>
 
From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied [[chemical engineering]] at Beijing's prestigious [[Tsinghua University]] as a "[[Worker-Peasant-Soldier student]]", where engineering majors spent about one-fifth of their time studying [[Maoism|Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong thought]], doing farm work and "learning from the People's Liberation Army".<ref name="SimonCao2009">{{cite book|author1=Denis Fred Simon|author2=Cong Cao|title=China's Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-End Talent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImkmKGIwhWUC&pg=PA28|date=19 March 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88513-3|pages=28–}}</ref>
 
From 1979 to 1982, Xi served as secretary for his father's former subordinate [[Geng Biao]], the then [[Vice Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China|vice premier]] and secretary-general of the [[Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)|Central Military Commission]]. This gained Xi some military background. In 1985, as part of a Chinese delegation to study U.S. agriculture, he visited the town of [[Muscatine, Iowa|Muscatine]], Iowa.<ref>Associated Press, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2101652/Xi-Jinping-Chinas-Vice-President-visits-Midwest-farming-family-stayed-exchange-trip.html "China's Vice-President revisits youth with a trip to the Midwest to meet farming family he stayed with on exchange trip"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902013913/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2101652/Xi-Jinping-Chinas-Vice-President-visits-Midwest-farming-family-stayed-exchange-trip.html |date=2 September 2016 }}, ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 15 February 2012.</ref> This trip, and his stay with a U.S. family, has been considered influential in his views on the United States.<ref>The Street, [http://www.thestreet.com/story/13300612/1/president-xi-slept-here-how-a-trip-to-iowa-in-1985-changed-u-s-china-relations.html "President Xi Slept Here: How a Trip to Iowa in 1985 Changed U.S.-China Relations"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418172931/http://www.thestreet.com/story/13300612/1/president-xi-slept-here-how-a-trip-to-iowa-in-1985-changed-u-s-china-relations.html |date=18 April 2016 }}</ref>
 
From 1998 to 2002, he studied [[Marxist philosophy]] and ideological education in an "on-the-job" postgraduate programme at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, again at Tsinghua University, and obtained a [[Doctor of Law]] (LLD) degree, which was a degree covering fields of law, politics, management, and revolutionary history,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90782/99727/6934773.html|title=Xi Jinping|date=30 March 2010}}</ref> though commentators have questioned this qualification.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/plagiarism-and-xi-jinping/|title=Plagiarism and Xi Jinping |date=24 September 2013 |accessdate=13 May 2014 }}</ref>
 
==Rise to power==
Xi joined the [[Communist Youth League]] in 1971 and the [[Communist Party of China]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Zy479_jx11YJ:www.aerospaceindia.org/Issue%2520Briefs/2010/25%2520October%25202010%2520-%2520CHINA%25E2%2580%2599S%2520NEXT%2520CHAIRMAN%25E2%2580%2594XI%2520JINPING.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjpQjUAtfkdEgw0cxv3UMunFfoLBcy0_po2aPN4xvPoQ-K9lFpIdgtf7PAw5ebYoTd8NwaRSswzfWmws278UPehKckL3Zb0TXlci2R0HsZGceCYRpBiD6EfBrspdjUh8CZzwcMg&sig=AHIEtbRjgFp8BCiHybWUtaP2uVF8BVuVZA |title=China's Next Chairman – Xi Jinping |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=27 May 2012 |first=Jayadva |last=Ranade |publisher=Centre for Air Power Studies}}</ref> In 1982, he was sent to [[Zhengding County]] in Hebei as deputy Party Secretary of Zhengding County. He was promoted in 1983 to Secretary, becoming the top official of the county.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/xi-jinping.htm |title=Xi Jinping |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |date=7 November 2011 |accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref> Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his regional political career: Hebei (1982–1985), [[Fujian]] (1985–2002), [[Zhejiang]] (2002–2007), and Shanghai (2007).
 
Xi held posts in the [[Fuzhou]] Municipal Party Committee and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990. In 1997, Xi was named an alternate member of the [[15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]]. However, out of the 151 alternate members of the Central Committee elected at the 15th Party Congress, Xi received the lowest number of votes in favour, placing him in last place in the rankings of members, ostensibly due to his status as a Princeling.{{efn|It should be duly noted that [[Liu Yandong]], [[Wang Qishan]], and [[Deng Pufang]] (Deng Xiaoping's son) all placed among the bottom of the alternate member list. Like Xi, all three were seen as "Princelings". It should also be noted that [[Bo Xilai]] did not get elected to the Central Committee at all; that is, Bo placed lower in the vote count compared to Xi.}}<ref name=canyu>{{cite news|title=中共十五大习近平位列候补委员最后一名为何|url=http://www.canyu.org/n24349c6.aspx|publisher=Canyu.org|date=22 April 2011}}</ref>
 
In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Vice Governor of Fujian, then he became governor a year later. In Fujian, Xi made efforts to attract investment from Taiwan and to strengthen the private sector of the provincial economy.<ref>Tiezzi, Shannon. [http://thediplomat.com/2014/11/from-fujian-chinas-xi-offers-economic-olive-branch-to-taiwan/ "From Fujian, China's Xi Offers Economic Olive Branch to Taiwan"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610145941/http://thediplomat.com/2014/11/from-fujian-chinas-xi-offers-economic-olive-branch-to-taiwan/ |date=10 June 2016 }}, ''The Diplomat'', 4 November 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2016.</ref> In February 2000, he and then-provincial Party Secretary [[Chen Mingyi]] were called before the top members of the Party Central [[Politburo Standing Committee]]&nbsp;– general secretary [[Jiang Zemin]], Premier [[Zhu Rongji]], Vice-President [[Hu Jintao]] and [[Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China|Discipline Inspection]] secretary [[Wei Jianxing]]&nbsp;– to explain aspects of the [[Yuanhua scandal]].<ref name=scmpxiao>{{cite news|last=Yu|first=Xiao|title=Fujian leaders face Beijing top brass|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/308424/fujian-leaders-face-beijing-top-brass|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=18 February 2000}}</ref>
 
In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions in neighbouring [[Zhejiang]], eventually taking over as provincial [[CPC party chief|party chief]] after several months as acting governor, occupying a top provincial office for the first time in his career. In 2002, Xi was elected a full member of the [[16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|16th Central Committee]], marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, Xi presided over reported growth rates averaging 14% per year.<ref>Ho, Louise. [http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1068825/chinas-leadership-transition-xi-jinpings-time-zhejiang "Xi Jinping's time in Zhejiang: doing the business"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429160349/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1068825/chinas-leadership-transition-xi-jinpings-time-zhejiang |date=29 April 2016 }}, ''The South China Morning Post'', 25 October 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2016.</ref> His career in Zhejiang was marked by a tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials, which earned him a name on the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders.<ref name=wanglei>{{cite news|last1=Wang|first1=Lei|title=习近平为官之道 拎着乌纱帽干事|url=http://opinion.dwnews.com/news/2014-12-25/59626005.html|work=Duowei News|date=25 December 2014}}</ref>
 
Following the dismissal of Shanghai Party Chief [[Chen Liangyu]] in September 2006 due to a [[Shanghai pension scandal|social security fund scandal]], Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007 to become the party chief of Shanghai.<ref name=shanghai>{{cite news|title=习近平任上海市委书记 韩正不再代理市委书记|url=http://news.sohu.com/20070324/n248946143.shtml|publisher=Sohu|date=24 March 2007}}</ref> Xi spent only seven months in Shanghai, but his appointment to one of the most important regional posts in China sent a clear signal that Xi was highly regarded by China's top leadership. In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy, and was known for strictly observing party discipline. For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with Xi by arranging a special train to shuttle him between Shanghai and Hangzhou (capital of Zhejiang province) in order for him to complete handing off his work to his successor as Zhejiang party chief [[Zhao Hongzhu]]. However, Xi reportedly refused to take the train, citing a loosely enforced party regulation which stipulated that special trains can only be reserved for "national leaders."<ref name=ming>{{cite news|title=从上海到北京 习近平贴身秘书只有钟绍军|url=http://www.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2013/07/201307110449.shtml#.VTxXVvnF_tU|work=Mingjing News|publisher=Boxun|date=11 July 2013}}</ref> While in Shanghai, he worked on preserving unity of the local party organization, and made a pledge that there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite the fact that many local officials were thought to have been implicated in the Chen Liangyu corruption scandal.<ref name=willy>{{cite book|last1=Lam|first1=Willy|title=Chinese Politics in the Era of Xi Jinping|date=20 March 2015|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> On most issues Xi largely echoed the line of the central leadership.<ref name=newin>{{cite news|title=新晋政治局常委：习近平|url=http://www.caijing.com.cn/2007-10-22/100034588.html|work=Caijing|date=22 October 2007}}</ref> Xi's career is notable in that during his regional tenures, he was never implicated in any serious scandals, nor did he face serious political opposition.
 
==Politburo Standing Committee member==
[[File:President George W. Bush with Vice President Xi Jinping.jpg|thumb|Xi Jinping greeting U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] in August 2008.]]
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in China 28 September 2010-6.jpeg|thumb|Xi Jinping with [[Russian President]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] on 28 September 2010.]]
[[File:Leon Panetta and Xi Jinping in Beijing, Sept. 19, 2012.jpg|thumb|Xi Jinping at a meeting with United States Secretary of Defense [[Leon Panetta]] on 19 September 2012.]]
Xi was appointed to the nine-man [[Politburo Standing Committee]] at the [[17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China|17th Party Congress]] in October 2007. Xi was ranked above [[Li Keqiang]], an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. In addition, Xi also held the top-ranking membership of the Communist Party's [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee|Central Secretariat]]. This assessment was further supported at the [[11th National People's Congress]] in March 2008, when Xi was elected as [[Vice-President of the People's Republic of China]].<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008npc/2008-03/15/content_6539302.htm "Hu Jintao reelected Chinese president"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055352/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008npc/2008-03/15/content_6539302.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}, Xinhua (''China Daily''), 15 March 2008.</ref>
 
Following his elevation, Xi has held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing, as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the new President of the [[Central Party School]], the cadre-training and ideological education wing of the Communist Party. In the wake of the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]], Xi visited disaster areas in [[Shaanxi]] and [[Gansu]]. Xi made his first foreign trip as vice president to North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/wsrc/t462294.htm|title=Vice-President Xi Jinping to Visit DPRK, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=5 June 2008|accessdate=20 October 2010}}</ref> After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of Committee Chair for the preparations of the [[60th Anniversary of the People's Republic of China|60th Anniversary]] Celebrations of the founding of the People's Republic of China. He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level Communist Party committee dubbed the [[6521 Project]], which was charged with ensuring social stability during a series of politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009.<ref>Wines, Michael, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/world/asia/10china.html 'China's Leaders See a Calendar Full of Anniversaries, and Trouble'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721045913/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/world/asia/10china.html |date=21 July 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'', 9 March 2009.</ref>
 
Xi is considered to be one of the most successful members of the [[Crown Prince Party]], a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese Communist revolutionaries. Former Prime Minister of Singapore, [[Lee Kuan Yew]], when asked about Xi, said he felt he was "a thoughtful man who has gone through many trials and tribulations."<ref name=NWK01>{{cite web|first=Jonathan|last=Ansfield|date=22 December 2007|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/81558 |title=Xi Jinping: China's New Boss And The 'L' Word|work=Newsweek|accessdate=20 October 2010}}</ref> Lee also commented: "I would put him in the [[Nelson Mandela]] class of persons. A person with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his personal misfortunes or sufferings affect his judgment. In other words, he is impressive".<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://china.blogs.time.com/2007/11/19/chinas_nelson_mandela/|title=China's Nelson Mandela|work=Time|date=19 November 2007}}</ref> Former U.S. Treasury Secretary [[Henry Paulson]] described Xi as "the kind of guy who knows how to get things over the goal line."<ref>{{cite web|last=Tang|first=Eugene|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aDpLoVnlKn6E&refer=home |title=China Appoints Xi Vice President, Heir Apparent to Hu|work=Bloomberg |date=15 March 2008|accessdate=20 October 2010}}</ref> Australian Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] said that Xi "has sufficient reformist, party and military background to be very much his own man."<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/rudd-seeks-to-pre-empt-pms-china-white-paper-with-his-own-version/story-fn59niix-1226488505695 Rudd seeks to pre-empt PM's China white paper with his own version] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122083821/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/rudd-seeks-to-pre-empt-pms-china-white-paper-with-his-own-version/story-fn59niix-1226488505695 |date=22 November 2012 }} ''The National'', David Uren, 5 October 2012</ref> Former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton tweeted, "Xi hosting a meeting on women's rights at the UN while persecuting feminists? Shameless."<ref>{{cite news|last=Rauhala|first=Emily|date=28 September 2015|title=Hillary Clinton called Xi's speech 'shameless,' and the Web went wild|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/28/hillary-clinton-called-xis-speech-shameless-and-the-web-went-wild/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref>
 
===Trips as Vice President and Mexico commentary incident===
In February 2009, in his capacity as vice-president, Xi Jinping embarked on a tour of Latin America, visiting Mexico,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific_business/view/408236/1/.html |title=Chinese vice president in Mexico to boost trade|publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]]|date=11 February 2009|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.apimages.com/OneUp.aspx?st=k&kw=Xi%20Jinping%20Mexico&showact=results&sort=relevance&intv=None&sh=10&kwstyle=or&adte=1349993434&pagez=60&cfasstyle=AND&rids=b043d439632347769bc9fdf8dc8025bb&dbm=PY2009&page=1&xslt=1&mediatype=Photo|title=Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping speaks during a news conference in Mexico City. Jinping is on a two-day official visit to Mexico. |agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=10 February 2009}}</ref> Jamaica,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/chinese-spanish-gallery/photogallery/slideshow.swf|title=Photo Gallery of the Official Visit of the Vice President of the People's Republic of China and the State Visit of the King and Queen of Spain|work=Jamaica Information Service|date=12 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cctv.com/english/20090213/101253.shtml|publisher=[[China Central Television]] |title=China, Jamaica vow to enhance friendly partnership|date=13 February 2009}}</ref> Colombia,<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese vice president concludes official visit to Colombia|author=Mu Xuequan|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/17/content_10836527.htm|agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=17 February 2009|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=12393&ArticleId=327778 |title=China Names Colombia Official Tourism Destination |work=[[Latin American Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Venezuela,<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese VP meets Venezuelan top legislator on parliamentary co-op, bilateral ties |author=Fang Yang |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/19/content_10851136.htm |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-09-25/china-bankrolling-chavez-s-re-election-bid-with-oil-loans|title=China Bankrolling Chavez's Re-Election Bid With Oil Loans|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|first=Charlie |last=Devereux|date=26 September 2012}}</ref> and Brazil<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese VP meets Brazilian president on deepening strategic partnership|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/20/content_10855970.htm|agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=20 February 2009|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> to promote Chinese ties in the region and boost the country's reputation in the wake of the [[2008–2012 global recession|global financial crisis]]. He also visited [[Valletta]], Malta, before returning to China.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foreign.gov.mt/default.aspx?MDIS=342&NWID=655|title=Xi Jinping visits Malta|publisher=The Embassy of Malta in the People's Republic of China|date=23 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Roundup: Chinese vice president starts official visit to Malta|author=Mu Xuequan|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/22/content_10866180.htm|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=22 February 2009|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref>
 
On 11 February, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of a group of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions to the financial crisis, saying that it was "the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China, to prevent its 1.3&nbsp;billion people from hunger".<ref>Original(Chinese): {{zh|s=在国际金融风暴中，中国能基本解决13亿人口吃饭的问题，已经是对全人类最伟大的贡献|t=在國際金融風暴中，中國能基本解決13億人口吃飯的問題，已經是對全人類最偉大的貢獻}}-In Chinese</ref> Xi went on to remark: "There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do than point fingers at us. First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there to be said?"<ref>Original: {{zh|s=有些吃饱没事干的外国人，对我们的事情指手画脚。中国一不输出革命，二不输出饥饿和贫困，三不折腾你们，还有什么好说的？|t=有些吃飽沒事干的外國人，對我們的事情指手畫腳。中國一不輸出革命，二不輸出飢餓和貧困，三不折騰你們，還有什麽好說的？}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/the%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20090214-121872.html |title=AsiaOne.com: Chinese VP blasts meddlesome foreigners |publisher=News.asiaone.com |date=14 February 2009 |accessdate=20 October 2010}}</ref> The story was reported on some local television stations. The news led to a flood of discussions on Chinese internet forums. It was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then turned up in various internet video websites.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://udn.com/NEWS/MAINLAND/MAI1/4742366.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221023838/http://udn.com:80/NEWS/MAINLAND/MAI1/4742366.shtml|dead-url=yes|archive-date=21 February 2009|title=習近平出訪罵老外 外交部捏冷汗|trans_title=Xi Jinping scored at foreigners, Ministry of foreign affairs had cold sweat|last=記者賴錦宏|date=18 February 2009|publisher=聯合報|accessdate=27 February 2009 }}</ref>
 
Xi continued his international trips, some say to burnish his foreign affairs credentials prior to taking the helm of China's leadership. Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/wsrc/t619527.htm |title=Vice President Xi Jinping to visit Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania and attend Europalia Chinese Art Festival and China's Guest-of-Honor Activities in Frankfurt Book Fair |publisher=Mfa.gov.cn |date=10 October 2009 |accessdate=20 October 2010}}</ref> Xi visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, and Myanmar on his Asian trip from 14 to 22 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |last=Raman |first=B. |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers36/paper3566.html |title=China's Cousin-Cousin Relations with Myanmar |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |date=25 December 2009 |accessdate=14 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317074826/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers36/paper3566.html |archivedate=17 March 2010}}</ref>
 
Xi visited the United States, Ireland and Turkey in February 2012. The visit included meeting with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] at the White House<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/24/us-usa-china-xi-idUSTRE80N06E20120124 Reuters] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201614/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/24/us-usa-china-xi-idUSTRE80N06E20120124 |date=29 October 2013 }}.</ref> and Vice President [[Joe Biden]], with whom he had met extensively in China in August 2011; and stops in California and Iowa, where he met with the family which previously hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2102001/Chinese-Vice-President-Xi-Jinping-heads-Mississippi-town-27-years-1st-visit.html "Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping heads back to his favourite U.S. town 27 years after he first stayed there"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901215028/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2102001/Chinese-Vice-President-Xi-Jinping-heads-Mississippi-town-27-years-1st-visit.html |date=1 September 2016 }}, ''Daily Mail Online'', 16 February 2012</ref>
 
===Disappearance===
With only a few months before his ascendancy to the party leadership, Xi Jinping disappeared from official media coverage for several weeks beginning on 1 September 2012. On 4 September, he cancelled a meeting with U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]], and later also cancelled meetings with [[Lee Hsien Loong]] and a top Russian official. It was said that Xi effectively "went on strike" in preparation for the power transition in order to install political allies in key roles.<ref name=newyorker>{{cite news|last1=Osnos|first1=Evan|title=Born Red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China's most authoritarian leader since Mao.|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/04/06/born-red|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=6 April 2012}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Xi may have been injured in an altercation during a meeting of the "[[princelings|red second generation]]" which turned violent.<ref name=wpost>{{cite news|title=The secret story behind Xi Jinping's disappearance, finally revealed?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/the-secret-story-behind-xi-jinpings-disappearance-finally-revealed/|work=The Washington Post|date=1 November 2012}}</ref>
 
==Leader of China and Communist Party==
 
===Accession to top posts===
On 15 November 2012, Xi Jinping was elected to the post of [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary of the Communist Party]] and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission|Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission]] by the [[18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]], making him&nbsp;– informally&nbsp;– the [[paramount leader]] and the first one to be born in the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and not a preceding Chinese state. On the following day, Xi led the new line-up of the [[Politburo Standing Committee]] onto the stage in their first public appearance.<ref name=BBCconfirm>{{cite web|title=China Confirms Leadership Change|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20322288|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> The new Standing Committee decreased its number of seats from nine to seven, with only Xi himself and [[Li Keqiang]] retaining their seats from the previous Standing Committee; the remaining members were new.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/China/Xi-Jinping-China-s-princeling-new-leader/Article1-959519.aspx|title=Xi Jinping: China's 'princeling' new leader
|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/world/asia/communists-conclude-party-congress-in-china.html?ref=asia&_r=0|title= Ending Congress, China Presents New Leadership Headed by Xi Jinping|date= 14 November 2012|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/14/world/asia/china-leadership-transition/index.html|title= After months of mystery, China unveils new top leaders|date= 16 November 2012|publisher=CNN|accessdate=16 November 2012 }}</ref> In a marked departure from the common practice of Chinese leaders, Xi's first speech as general secretary was plainly worded and did not include any political slogans or mention of his predecessors.<ref name=nytimes2>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Ian|title=A Promise to Tackle China's Problems, but Few Hints of a Shift in Path|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/world/asia/new-chinese-leader-offers-few-hints-of-a-shift-in-direction.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=16 July 2014|work=The New York Times|date=15 November 2012}}</ref> Xi mentioned the aspirations of the average person, remarking, "Our people&nbsp;... expect better education, more stable jobs, better income, more reliable social security, medical care of a higher standard, more comfortable living conditions, and a more beautiful environment." Xi also vowed to tackle corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would threaten the Party's survival; he was reticent about far-reaching economic reforms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full text: China's new party chief Xi Jinping's speech|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20338586|publisher=BBC|date=15 November 2012}}</ref>
 
In December 2012, Xi visited [[Guangdong]] in his first trip outside of Beijing since taking the Party leadership. The overarching theme of the trip was to call for further economic reform and a strengthened military. Xi visited the statue of [[Deng Xiaoping]] and his trip was described as following in the footsteps of [[Deng Xiaoping#Resignation and 1992 southern tour|Deng's own southern trip in 1992]], which provided the impetus for further economic reforms in China after conservative party leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath of the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]]. On his trip, Xi consistently alluded to his signature slogan the "Chinese Dream". "This dream can be said to be the dream of a strong nation. And for the military, it is a dream of a strong military", Xi told sailors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324128504578348774040546346.html|title=New Beijing Leader's 'China Dream' – WSJ|first=Jeremy |last=Page|date=13 March 2013|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Xi's trip was significant in that he departed from established convention of Chinese leaders' travel routine in multiple ways. Rather than dining out, Xi and his entourage ate regular hotel buffet. He traveled in a large van with his colleagues rather than a fleet of limousines, and did not restrict traffic on the parts of the highway he traveled on.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last1=Chen|first1=Zhuang|title=The symbolism of Xi Jinping's trip south|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20662947|accessdate=22 July 2014|publisher=BBC News|date=10 December 2012}}</ref>
 
Xi was elected [[President of the People's Republic of China]] on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote by the [[12th National People's Congress]] in Beijing. He received 2,952 for, one vote against, and three abstentions.<ref name="bbcnews">BBC News (2012). [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20322288 "China confirms leadership change"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729201558/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20322288 |date=29 July 2016 }}, BBC. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</ref> He replaced [[Hu Jintao]], who retired after serving two terms.<ref name="Demick">{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-china-xi-presidency-20130313,0,1240600.story|title=China's Xi Jinping formally assumes title of president|first=Barbara|last=Demick|date=3 March 2013|accessdate=16 March 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The presidency is officially a ceremonial post.{{efn|The office of the President is a prestigious one. The President is the Head of the State. The [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|Constitution of 1982]] restores powers and functions of the President of the People's Republic of China and recognizes him as the Head of the State. But he is not the real executive like the U.S. president but only a ceremonial Head. He can be compared with the [[President of India|Indian president]] or the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]].<ref>[http://www.kkhsou.in/main/polscience/structure_function.html "... Chines Government > Executive: The President of the Chinese Republic"], [[Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University]].</ref>}}
 
In his new capacity as president, on 16 March 2013 Xi expressed support for noninterference in [[China–Sri Lanka relations]] amid a [[United Nations Security Council]] vote to condemn that country over government abuses during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/china-s-xi-jinping-hints-at-backing-sri-lanka-against-un-resolution-343378|title=China's Xi Jinping hints at backing Sri Lanka against UN resolution|agency=Press Trust of India|date=16 March 2013|accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> On 17 March, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with the [[CY Leung as Chief Executive of Hong Kong|chief executive of Hong Kong]], [[CY Leung]], confirming his support for Leung.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1192587/cy-leung-meet-xi-jinping-beijing-and-explain-cross-border-policies|title=CY Leung to meet Xi Jinping in Beijing and explain cross-border policies|first=Tony|last=Cheung|first2=Jolie|last2=Ho|date=17 March 2013|accessdate=16 March 2013|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Within hours of his election, Xi discussed [[cyber security]] and North Korea with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] over the phone, who announced the visits of Treasury and State secretaries [[Jacob Lew]] and [[John F. Kerry]] to China the following week.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/373967/china-names-xi-jinping-as-new-president|title=China names Xi Jinping as new president|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=15 March 2013|accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> Within a week of his assuming the Presidency, Xi embarked on a trip to Russia, Tanzania, South Africa, and Republic of Congo.<ref>Chris Buckley, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/world/asia/chinese-leader-xi-jinping-offers-africa-assurance-and-aid.html "China's Leader Tries to Calm African Fears of His Country's Economic Power"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721045954/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/world/asia/chinese-leader-xi-jinping-offers-africa-assurance-and-aid.html |date=21 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', 26 March 2013</ref>
 
===Announcing reforms===
In November 2013, at the conclusion of the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee, the Communist Party delivered a far-reaching reform agenda that alluded to changes in both economic and social policy. Xi signaled at the plenum that he was consolidating control of the massive internal security organization that was formerly the domain of [[Zhou Yongkang]].<ref name=brook>{{cite news|last1=Kroeber|first1=Arthur R.|title=Xi Jinping's Ambitious Agenda for Economic Reform in China|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/11/17-xi-jinping-economic-agenda-kroeber|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=The Brookings Institution|date=17 November 2013}}</ref> A new [[National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China|National Security Commission]] was formed with Xi Jinping at its helm. The [[Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms]]&nbsp;– another ad-hoc policy coordination body led by Xi&nbsp;– was also formed to oversee the implementation of the reform agenda.
 
The reforms, termed "comprehensive deepening reforms" (全面深化改革, ''quanmian shenhua gaige'') were said to be the most significant since Deng Xiaoping's 1992 "Southern Tour". In the economic realm, the Plenum announced that "market forces" would begin to play a "decisive" role in allocating resources.<ref name=brook/> This meant that the state would gradually reduce its involvement in the distribution of capital, and restructure [[state-owned enterprise]]s to allow further competition, potentially by attracting foreign and private sector players in industries that were highly regulated previously. This policy aimed to address the bloated state sector that had unduly profited from an earlier round of re-structuring by purchasing assets at below-market prices, assets which were no longer being used productively. The Plenum also resolved to abolish the ''[[laogai]]'' system of "[[re-education through labour]]" which was largely seen as a blot on China's human rights record. The system has faced significant criticism for years from domestic critics and foreign observers.<ref name=brook/> The [[one-child policy]] was also abolished, resulting in a shift to a [[two-child policy#China|two-child policy]] since 1 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/27/c_134955448.htm|title=Top legislature amends law to allow all couples to have two children|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]| date=27 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-formally-abolishes-decades-old-one-child-policy-1535006|title=China formally abolishes decades-old one-child policy|work=[[International Business Times]]| date=27 December 2015}}</ref>
 
In December 2013, Xi showed up unannounced at a small Beijing restaurant to have steam buns (包子, ''[[baozi]]'') for lunch, with only one person accompanying him. He paid for the meal himself and dined with regular patrons.<ref name=economist>{{cite news|title=Presidential Style: A New Flavour|url=http://www.economist.com/news/china/21592665-xi-jinping-gets-down-people-new-flavour|accessdate=17 July 2014|work=The Economist|date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Xi was applauded for the 'common touch' of the visit, and images were circulated widely on social media.<ref name=economist/>
 
===Anti-corruption campaign===
{{main article|Anti-corruption campaign in China (2013–)}}
Xi vowed to crack down on corruption almost immediately after he ascended to power at the 18th Party Congress. In his 'inaugural speech' as general secretary, Xi mentioned that fighting corruption was one of the toughest challenges for the party.<ref name=inaug>{{cite news|title=Xi Jinping's inaugural Speech|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20338586|publisher=BBC News|date=15 November 2012}}</ref> A few months into his term, Xi outlined the "eight-point guide", listing out rules intended to curb corruption and waste during official party business; it aimed at stricter discipline on the conduct of party officials. Xi also vowed to root out "tigers and flies", that is, high-ranking officials and ordinary party functionaries.<ref name=elite>{{cite news|title=Elite in China Face Austerity Under Xi's Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=27 March 2013}}</ref> During the first two years of Xi's term, he initiated cases against former Central Military Commission vice-chairman [[Xu Caihou]], former Politburo Standing Committee member and security chief [[Zhou Yongkang]], and former Hu Jintao chief aide [[Ling Jihua]].<ref name=bloom>{{cite news|title=President Xi's Anti-Corruption Campaign Biggest Since Mao|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-03/china-s-xi-broadens-graft-crackdown-to-boost-influence.html|publisher=Bloomberg|date=4 March 2014}}</ref>
 
Along with new disciplinary chief [[Wang Qishan]], Xi's administration spearheaded the formation of "centrally-dispatched inspection teams" (中央巡视组), essentially cross-jurisdictional squads of officials whose main task was to gain more in-depth understanding of the operations of provincial and local party organizations, and in the process, also enforce party discipline mandated by Beijing. Many of the work teams also had the effect of identifying and initiating investigations on high-ranking officials. Over one hundred provincial-ministerial level officials were implicated during a massive nationwide anti-corruption campaign. These include former and current regional officials ([[Su Rong]], [[Bai Enpei]], [[Wan Qingliang]]), leading figures of state-owned enterprises and central government organs ([[Song Lin]], [[Liu Tienan]]), and highly ranked generals in the military ([[Gu Junshan]]). In June 2014, the [[Shanxi]] provincial political establishment was decimated, with four officials dismissed within a week from the provincial party organization's top ranks. Within the first two years of the campaign alone, over 200,000 low-ranking officials received warnings, fines, and demotions.<ref>"2.3 The Chinese Communist Party" in: [[Sebastian Heilmann]], editor, [https://www.merics.org/en/about-us/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/ China''<nowiki/>'s Political System'']'','' Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (2017) {{ISBN|978-1442277342}} and {{ISBN|1442277343}}</ref>
 
===Consolidation of power===
Political observers have called Xi "the most powerful Chinese leader since [[Deng Xiaoping]]."<ref name=ee23>{{cite news|title=Reform in China: Every move you make|url=http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21589882-xi-jinping-has-made-himself-most-powerful-leader-deng-xiaoping-probably-good|work=The Economist|date=16 November 2013}}</ref> Xi has notably departed from the "collective rule" practices of his predecessor Hu Jintao. During his years as the party's general secretary, Hu was seen as the "[[first among equals]]" with his Standing Committee colleagues, an arbiter of collective opinion. In the top leadership, Hu's power was shared, mostly notably with Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] and former Political and Legal Affairs Commission Secretary [[Zhou Yongkang]], who presided over the government bureaucracy (and thus, the economy) and the state security system, respectively. Xi, on the other hand, has unmistakably become the central figure of the new administration.
 
Beginning in 2013, the party under Xi has created a series of new "Central Leading Groups", that is, supra-ministerial steering committees, to bypass existing institutions when making decisions, and ostensibly making policy-making a more efficient process. The most notable new body is the [[Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms]], which has broad jurisdiction over economic restructuring and social reforms, said to have displaced some of the power previously held by the State Council and its Premier.<ref name=keck>{{cite news|last1=Keck|first1=Zachary|title=Is Li Keqiang Being Marginalized?|url=http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/is-li-keqiang-being-marginalized/|work=The Diplomat|date=7 January 2014}}</ref> Xi also became the leader of the [[Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization]], in charge of cyber-security and internet policy. The Third Plenum held in 2013 also saw the creation of the [[National Security Commission]], another body chaired by Xi which is believed to have ultimate oversight over issues of national security such as combating terrorism, intelligence, espionage, ultimately incorporating many areas of jurisdiction formerly vested in the [[Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission]] under Zhou Yongkang.
 
Xi has also been active in his participation in military affairs, taking a direct hands-on approach to military reform. In addition to being the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and the leader of the [[Central Leading Group for Military Reform]] founded in 2014 to oversee comprehensive military reforms, Xi has delivered numerous high-profile pronouncements vowing to clean up malfeasance and complacency in the military, aiming to build a more effective fighting force. In addition, Xi held the "[[New Gutian Conference]]" in 2014, gathering China's top military officers, re-emphasizing the principle of "the party has absolute control over the army" first established by Mao at the 1929 [[Gutian Conference]].<ref name=meng>{{cite news|last1=Meng|first1=Chuan|title=习近平军中"亮剑" 新古田会议一箭多雕|url=http://china.dwnews.com/news/2014-11-04/59616798.html|work=Duowei News|date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
 
On 21 April 2016 Xi was named as 'commander in chief' of the country's new Joint Operations Command Center of the [[People's Liberation Army]] by [[Xinhua]] news agency and the broadcaster [[CCTV]].<ref name="Guardian21Apr16">{{cite news|title=Xi Jinping named as 'commander in chief' by Chinese state media|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/21/xi-jinping-named-commander-in-chief-chinese-state-media|accessdate=25 April 2016|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Independent21Apr16">{{cite news|last1=Kayleigh|first1=Lewis|title=Chinese President Xi Jinping named as military's 'commander-in-chief'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinese-president-xi-jinping-commander-in-chief-military-armed-forces-a6997396.html|accessdate=25 April 2016|work=The Independent|date=23 April 2016}}</ref> Some analysts interpreted this move as an attempt to display strength and strong leadership and as being more "political than military".<ref name="ChinaTopix22Apr16">{{cite news|last1=Sison|first1=Desiree|title=President Xi Jinping is New Commander-in-Chief of the Military|url=http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/84000/20160422/president-xi-jinping-is-new-commander-in-chief-of-the-military.htm|accessdate=25 April 2016|work=China Topix|date=22 April 2016}}</ref> According to Ni Lexiong, a military affairs expert, Xi "not only controls the military but also does it in an absolute manner, and that in wartime, he is ready to command personally".<ref name="ColuDaily24Apr2016">{{cite news|title=China's Xi moves to take more direct command over military|url=http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/perspectives/china-s-xi-moves-to-take-more-direct-command-over/article_b5e96afb-97e6-533e-b33e-db5beab72bf3.html|accessdate=25 April 2016|work=Columbia Daily Tribune|date=24 April 2016}}</ref>
 
===Legal reforms===
The party under Xi announced a raft of legal reforms at the Fourth Plenum held in the fall 2014, and Xi called for "Chinese socialistic rule of law" immediately afterwards. The party aimed to reform the legal system which had been perceived as ineffective at delivering justice and affected by corruption, local government interference, and lack of constitutional oversight. The plenum, while emphasizing the absolute leadership of the party, also called for a greater role of the constitution on the affairs of state, and a strengthening of the role of the [[National People's Congress Standing Committee]] in interpreting the constitution.<ref name=scm3>{{cite news|title=Communist Party pledges greater role for constitution, rights in fourth plenum|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1623286/communist-party-pledges-greater-role-constitution-rights-fourth-plenum|work=South China Morning Post|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> It also called for more transparency in legal proceedings, more involvement of ordinary citizens in the legislative process, and an overall "professionalization" of the legal workforce. The party also planned to institute cross-jurisdictional circuit legal tribunals as well as giving provinces consolidated administrative oversight over lower level legal resources, which is intended to have the effect of reducing local government involvement in legal proceedings.<ref name=dww>{{cite news|last1=Doyon|first1=J|last2=Winckler|first2=H|title=The Fourth Plenum, Party Officials and Local Courts|issue=22|date=20 November 2014}}</ref>
 
===Foreign trips as President===
Xi's made his first foreign trip as president to Russia on 22 March 2013, about a week after he assumed the presidency. He met with President [[Vladimir Putin]] and the two leaders discussed trade and energy issues. He then went onto Tanzania, South Africa (where he attended the [[BRICS]] summit in [[Durban]]), and the Republic of the Congo.<ref name=russiaafrica>{{cite news|title=Xi's maiden foreign tour historic, fruitful|url=http://en.people.cn/90883/8189481.html|work=People.cn|date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Xi visited the United States at [[Sunnylands]] Estate in California in a 'shirtsleeves summit' with U.S. President Barack Obama in June 2013, although this was not considered a formal state visit.<ref name=sunnylands>{{cite news|last1=Bush|first1=Richard C. III|title=Obama and Xi at Sunnylands: A Good Start|url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/06/10-obama-xi-sunnylands-bush|work=Brookings Institution}}</ref> In October 2013 Xi attended the [[APEC Summit]] in [[Bali]], Indonesia.
 
Xi made a trip to Western Europe in March 2014, visiting the Netherlands, where he attended the [[Nuclear Security Summit]] in [[The Hague]], followed by France, Germany, and Belgium.<ref name=europe>{{cite news|title=President Xi visits Western Europe|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014xivisiteu/|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=22 March 2014}}</ref> Xi made a state visit to South Korea on 4 July 2014 and met with South Korean President [[Park Geun-hye]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=120421|title=President Xi, 'Korea-China relations better than ever'|author=Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS)|publisher=korea.net}}</ref> Between 14 and 23 July, Xi attended the BRICS leaders' summit in Brazil and also visited Argentina, Venezuela, and Cuba.<ref name=latin>{{cite news|title=Xi Jinping's July 2014 Trip to Latin America|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/09/05/xi-jinping-s-july-2014-trip-to-latin-america|work=Carnegie Endowment for World Peace|date=5 September 2014}}</ref>
 
[[File:Парад в честь 70-летия Великой Победы - 26.jpg|thumb|Xi with his first lady during the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Moscow Victory Day Parade]] on 9 May 2015]]
Xi went on an official state visit to India and met with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in September 2014; he visited New Delhi but also went to Modi's hometown in the state of [[Gujarat]].<ref name=india>{{cite news|title=Chinese incursion in Ladakh: A little toothache can paralyze entire body, Modi tells Xi Jinping|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinese-incursion-in-Ladakh-A-little-toothache-can-paralyze-entire-body-Modi-tells-Xi-Jinping/articleshow/42940337.cms|work=Time of India|date=20 September 2014}}</ref> Xi went on a state visit to Australia and met with Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] in November 2014,<ref name=smh>{{cite news|title=Xi says time to lift relations|url=http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-national/xi-says-time-to-lift-relations-20141119-3kn7n.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=19 November 2014}}</ref> followed by a visit to the island nation of Fiji.<ref name=fiji>{{cite news|title=Chinese president Xi Jinping signs five agreements with Fiji as part of China's Pacific engagement strategy|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-22/chinese-president-xi-visits-fiji-to-strengthen-economic-ties/5911144|work=ABC News (Australia)|date=22 November 2015}}</ref> Xi [[Xi Jinping's visit to Pakistan 2015|visited Pakistan]] in April 2015, signing a series of deals over infrastructure related to the [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]], before heading to Jakarta and [[Bandung]], Indonesia, to attend the Afro-Asian Leaders Summit and the 60th Anniversary events of the [[Bandung Conference]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/20/world/asia/chinas-president-heads-to-pakistan-with-billions-in-infrastructure-aid.html Xi Jinping Heads to Pakistan, Bearing Billions in Infrastructure Aid] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109223101/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/20/world/asia/chinas-president-heads-to-pakistan-with-billions-in-infrastructure-aid.html |date=9 November 2016 }} ''The New York Times''. 19 April 2015</ref> Xi visited Russia and was the guest-of-honour of Russian president Vladimir Putin at the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade]] to mark the 70th Anniversary of the victory of the allies in Europe. At the parade Xi and his wife Peng Liyuan sat next to Putin. On the same trip Xi also visited Kazakhstan and met with that country's president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], and also met with [[Alexander Lukashenko]] in Belarus.<ref name=russia>{{cite news|title=At Russia's Military Parade, Putin and Xi Cement Ties|url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/05/at-russias-military-parade-putin-and-xi-cement-ties/|work=The Diplomat|date=9 May 2015}}</ref>
 
[[File:Xi Jinping in British Parliament.jpg|thumb|left|Xi, who was on a four-day state visit to the UK, addressed both [[List of people who have addressed both Houses of the United Kingdom Parliament|Houses of Parliament]] at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]], 21 October 2015]]
In September 2015, Xi made his [[2015 Xi Jinping visit to the United States|first state visit to the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://multimedia.scmp.com/xi-jinping-us-visit/|title=Xi Jinping's US visit: itinerary, issues and delegation|author=Nectar Gan and Cedric Sam|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/reporters-notebook/xi-jinping-visit Xi Jinping's U.S. Visit – NYTimes.com<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111084720/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/reporters-notebook/xi-jinping-visit |date=11 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/22/china-president-xi-jinping-first-us-visit-seattle|title=China's President Xi Jinping begins first US visit in Seattle|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
In October 2015, Xi made a [[2015 Xi Jinping visit to the United Kingdom|state visit to the United Kingdom]], the first by a Chinese leader for a decade.<ref name=ukvisit>{{cite news|title=State Visit by the President of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2015/StateVisitbythePresidentofthePeoplesRepublicofChin.aspx}}</ref> This followed a visit to China in March 2015 by the [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge|Duke of Cambridge]]. During the state visit, Xi met [[Queen Elizabeth II]], British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] and other dignitaries. Increased customs, trade and research collaborations between China and the UK were discussed, but more informal events also took place including a visit to [[Manchester City]]'s [[Association football|football]] academy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/chinese-president-xi-jinping-visit-10315388|title=Chinese president Xi Jinping visit: United fan premier to visit Manchester City's stadium |publisher=Manchester Evening News|date=23 October 2015}}</ref>
 
In March 2016, Xi visited the Czech Republic on his way to United States of America. In Prague, he met with the Czech president, prime minister and other representatives, to promote relations and economic cooperation between Czech Republic and the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-china-idUSKCN0WU01J |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-28 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050433/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-china-idUSKCN0WU01J |archivedate=25 October 2016 |df=dmy }} Czech courtship pays off with landmark visit from Chinese leader</ref> His visit has been met by considerable amount of protests by Czech people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/protests-chinas-xi-arrives-prague-173355899.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-28 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223306/https://www.yahoo.com/news/protests-chinas-xi-arrives-prague-173355899.html |archivedate=8 April 2016 |df=dmy }} Protests as China's Xi arrives in Prague</ref>
 
In January 2017, Xi became the first Chinese President to plan to attend the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos, Switzerland]].<ref>de la Merced, Michael J., and Russell Goldman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/world/europe/world-economic-forum-davos-explainer-global-elite-parties.html "How Davos Brings the Global Elite Together"], ''New York Times'', January 14, 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-15.</ref> The visit was announced January 10 and it was expected, in his opening-day speech January 17, he would address anti-[[globalization]], the global trade agenda, and China's rising place in the world's economy and international governance.<ref name=NYT01>Wong, Edward, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/world/europe/world-economic-forum-davos-explainer-global-elite-parties.html "As China Seeks Bigger Role on World Stage, Xi Jinping Will Go to Davos World Economic Forum"] ([http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170111/davos-china-xi-jinping-trump/?action=click&contentCollection=Asia%20Pacific&module=Translations&region=Header&version=zh-CN&ref=en-US&pgtype=article "Click for translation/点击查看本文中文版"]), ''New York Times'', January 10, 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-15.</ref><ref name=pcn01>China Daily, [http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/0111/c90000-9165250.html "Xi first top Chinese leader at Davos"], ''[[people.cn]]'', January 11, 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-15.</ref> Issues of the [[renminbi]]'s role as a [[Internationalization of the renminbi|global currency]] and Chinese investments in the U.S. are likely issues to be raised with Xi.<ref name=NYT01/> Premier [[Li Keqiang]] attended the forum in 2015 and Vice-President [[Li Yuanchao]] did so in 2016. During the three day [[state visit]] to the country in 2017 Xi will also visit the [[World Health Organization]], the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations]] and the [[International Olympic Committee]].<ref name=pcn01/>
 
===Cultural revival===
As Communist ideology plays a less central role in the lives of the masses in the People's Republic of China, top political leaders of the [[Communist Party of the People's Republic of China]] such as Xi Jinping continue the rehabilitation of figures like [[Han Fei]] into the mainstream of Chinese thought alongside Confucianism, both of which Xi sees as relevant. "He who rules by virtue is like the North Star," he said at a meeting of officials last year, quoting Confucius. "It maintains its place, and the multitude of stars pay homage." In Shandong, the Birthplace of Confucius, he told scholars that while the West was suffering a "crisis of confidence," the Communist Party had been "the loyal inheritor and promoter of China's outstanding traditional culture."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/world/leader-taps-into-chinese-classics-in-seeking-to-cement-power.html|title=Leader Taps into Chinese Classics in Seeking to Cement Power|date=12 October 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
 
Han Fei gained new prominence with favourable citations. One sentence of Han Fei's that Xi quoted appeared thousands of times in official Chinese media at the local, provincial, and national levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/01/is-chinas-machiavelli-now-its-most-important-political-philosopher/|title=Is 'China's Machiavelli' Now Its Most Important Political Philosopher?|first=Ryan Mi|last=Mitchell |work=The Diplomat}}</ref>
 
==Political positions==
 
===Chinese Dream===
{{main article|Chinese Dream}}
{{further information|Ideology of the Communist Party of China}}
Xi and Communist Party ideologues coined the phrase "Chinese Dream" to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Since 2013, the phrase has emerged as the distinctive quasi-official ideology of the party leadership under Xi Jinping, much as the "[[Scientific Outlook on Development]]" was for Hu Jintao and the "[[Three Represents]]" was for [[Jiang Zemin]]. The origin of the term "Chinese Dream" is unclear. While the phrase has been used previously by journalists and scholars,<ref name=atlantic>{{cite news|last=Fallows|first=James|title=Today's China Notes: Dreams, Obstacles|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/05/todays-china-notes-dreams-obstacles/275544/|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=3 May 2013}}</ref> some publications have posited that the term likely drew its inspiration from the concept of the [[American Dream]].<ref name="economist2">{{cite news|title=The role of Thomas Friedman|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/05/chinese-dream-0|work=The Economist|date=6 May 2013}}</ref> ''The Economist'' noted the abstract and seemingly accessible nature of the concept with no specific overarching policy stipulations may be a deliberate departure from the jargon-heavy ideologies of his predecessors.<ref name=chasing>[http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21577063-chinas-new-leader-has-been-quick-consolidate-his-power-what-does-he-now-want-his "Chasing the Chinese dream"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028080732/http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21577063-chinas-new-leader-has-been-quick-consolidate-his-power-what-does-he-now-want-his |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''The Economist'' 4 May 2013, pp. 24–26</ref>
 
While the Chinese Dream was originally interpreted as an extension of the American Dream, which emphasizes individual self-improvement and opportunity,<ref name=chasing/> the slogan's use in official settings since 2013 has taken on a noticeably more nationalistic character, with official pronouncements of the "Dream" being consistently linked with the phrase "great revival of the Chinese nation."<ref>Chinese: 中华民族伟大复兴, which can also be translated as the "Great Renaissance of the Chinese nation" or the "Great revival of the Chinese people."</ref> The policy implications of the "Chinese Dream" remain unclear.
 
Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the [[National Museum of China]] on 29 November 2012, where Xi and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a "national revival" exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21577070-vision-chinas-new-president-should-serve-his-people-not-nationalist-state-xi-jinping "Xi Jinping and the Chinese Dream"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510092423/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21577070-vision-chinas-new-president-should-serve-his-people-not-nationalist-state-xi-jinping |date=10 May 2016 }}, ''The Economist'' 4 May 2013, p 11 (editorial)</ref>
 
===Foreign policy===
{{further|China–North Korea relations|China–United States relations|Sino-Russian relations since 1991}}
[[File:Xi Jinping in USA.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1364|Xi giving a speech at the U.S. Department of State in 2012, with Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] and Vice-President [[Joe Biden]] in the background. Seated in the front row is former Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]].]]
Xi has reportedly taken a hard line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more nationalistic and assertive China on the world stage.<ref name=kuhn>{{cite news|last1=Kuhn|first1=Robert Lawrence|title=Xi Jinping, a nationalist and a reformer|url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1254093/xi-jinping-nationalist-and-reformer|work=South China Morning Post|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Xi's political program calls for a China more united and confident of its own value system and political structure.<ref name=scmp3>{{cite news|last1=Meng|first1=Angela|title=Xi Jinping rules out Western-style political reform for China|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1586307/xi-jinping-rules-out-western-style-political-reform-china?page=all|work=South China Morning Post|date=6 September 2014}}</ref>
 
Under Xi China has also taken a more critical stance on [[North Korea]], while improving [[China–South Korea relations|relationships with South Korea]].<ref name=chengli>{{cite news|last1=Li|first1=Cheng|title=A New Type of Major Power Relationship?|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interviews/2014/09/26-new-type-power-relationship-li|publisher=The Brookings Institution (Interview)|date=26 September 2014}}</ref> China-Japan relations have soured under Xi's administration; the most thorny issue between the two countries remains the dispute over the [[Senkaku islands|Senkaku/Diaoyu islands]]. In response to Japan's continued robust stance on the issue, China declared an [[Air Defense Identification Zone (East China Sea)|Air Defense Identification Zone]] in November 2013.<ref name=osawa>{{cite news|last1=Osawa|first1=Jun|title=China's ADIZ over the East China Sea: A "Great Wall in the Sky"?|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/12/17-china-air-defense-identification-zone-osawa|publisher=Brookings Institution|date=17 December 2013}}</ref>
 
Xi has called [[China–United States relations]] in the contemporary world a "new type of great-power relations", a phrase the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] has been reluctant to embrace.<ref name=nikkei>{{cite news|last1=HIROYUKI|first1=AKITA|title=A new kind of 'great power relationship'? No thanks, Obama subtly tells China|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/A-new-kind-of-great-power-relationship-No-thanks-Obama-subtly-tells-China|agency=Nikkei Asian Review|date=22 July 2014}}</ref> Under his administration the [[Strategic and Economic Dialogue]] that began under Hu Jintao has continued. On China-U.S. relations, Xi said, "If [China and the United States] are in confrontation, it would surely spell disaster for both countries".<ref name=scmp2>{{cite news|last1=Ng|first1=Teddy|last2=Kwong|first2=Man-ki|title=President Xi Jinping warns of disaster if Sino-US relations sour|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1550184/confrontation-us-would-be-disaster-says-president-xi-jinping?page=all|work=South China Morning Post|date=9 July 2014}}</ref> Xi met with President Obama privately at the [[Sunnylands]] ranch in California in 2013 in what became known as the "shirtsleeves summit". The U.S. has been critical of Chinese actions in the [[South China Sea]].<ref name=nikkei/>
 
Xi has cultivated [[China–Russia relations|stronger relations with Russia]], particularly in the wake of the [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|Ukraine crisis]] of 2014. Xi seems to have developed a strong personal relationship with President [[Vladimir Putin]], both of whom are viewed as strong leaders with a nationalist orientation who are not afraid to assert themselves against Western interests.<ref name=russia2>{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|title=As Russia Draws Closer to China, U.S. Faces a New Challenge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/world/vladimir-putin-xi-jinping-form-closer-ties.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 November 2014}}</ref> Xi attended the opening ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Under Xi, China signed a $400&nbsp;billion gas deal with Russia; China has also become Russia's largest trading partner.<ref name=russia2/>
 
[[File:BRICS heads of state and government hold hands ahead of the 2014 G-20 summit in Brisbane, Australia (Agencia Brasil).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.091|[[BRICS]] leaders at the [[2014 G-20 Brisbane summit|G-20 summit]] in [[Brisbane]], Australia, 15 November 2014]]
Xi has also indirectly spoken out critically on the U.S. "strategic pivot" to Asia.<ref name=blan>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|title=With one eye on Washington, China plots its own Asia 'pivot'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/03/us-china-diplomacy-idUSKBN0F82GX20140703|agency=Reuters|date=3 July 2014}}</ref> Addressing a regional conference in Shanghai on 21 May 2014, Xi called on Asian countries to unite and forge a way together, rather than get involved with third party powers, seen as a reference to the United States. "Matters in Asia ultimately must be taken care of by Asians. Asia's problems ultimately must be resolved by Asians and Asia's security ultimately must be protected by Asians", he told the conference.<ref name="TerritorialDisputes">{{cite news|title=Asian nations should avoid military ties with third party powers, says China's Xi|url=http://www.chinanationalnews.com/index.php/sid/222207019/scat/9366300fc9319e9b/ht/Asian-nations-should-avoid-military-ties-with-third-party-powers-says-Chinas-Xi|accessdate=21 May 2014|publisher=China National News}}</ref>
 
[[File:Biden Raises a Toast in Honor of Chinese President Xi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.091|U.S. Vice President [[Joe Biden]] raises a toast in honor of Xi at a state luncheon at the State Department on 25 September 2015]]
In November 2014, in a major policy address, Xi has called for a decrease in the use of force, preferring dialogue and consultation to solve the current issues plaguing the relationship between China and its South East Asian neighbors.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Matthew|title=China's Xi tones down foreign policy rhetoric|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/102225589#.|accessdate=30 November 2014|publisher=CNBC}}</ref> In April 2015 Xi led a large delegation on a state visit to Pakistan. During his visit he signed energy and infrastructure deals worth $45&nbsp;billion including the [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]]. Pakistan's highest civilian award, the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]], was also conferred upon him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan confers Nishan-e-Pakistan on Chinese president Xi Jinping|date=21 April 2015|work=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pak-confers-highest-civilian-award-on-chinese-president-xi/article1-1339490.aspx}}</ref>
 
[[File:Ali Khamenei receives Xi Jinping in his house (7).jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.091|Xi with [[Iran]]'s Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]], 23 January 2016]]
In April 2015, new satellite imagery revealed that China was rapidly constructing an airfield on [[Fiery Cross Reef]] in the [[Spratly Islands]] of the South China Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title = China building runway in disputed South China Sea island |url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32331964 |publisher= BBC |date = 17 April 2015}}</ref> In May 2015, U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Ash Carter]] warned the government of Xi Jinping to halt its rapid [[Great wall of sand|island-building]] in disputed territory in the [[South China Sea]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150527234504/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/05/27/defense-secretarys-warning-to-china-u-s-military-wont-change-operations/ Defense secretary's warning to China: U.S. military won't change operations]". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 27 May 2015.</ref>
 
In spite of what seemed to be a tumultuous start of Xi Jinping's leadership vis-à-vis the United-States, on 13 May 2017 Xi said at the ''[[Belt and Road Forum]]'' in Beijing: “We should foster a new type of international relations featuring 'win-win cooperation', and we should forge a partnership of dialogue with no confrontation, and a partnership of friendship rather than alliance. All countries should respect each other's sovereignty, dignity and territorial integrity; respect each other's development path and its social systems, and respect each other's core interests and major concerns... ...What we hope to create is a big family of harmonious coexistence.”<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izR0EOgrKU0#t=438.705923 President Xi: Build the B&R into a road for peace, prosperity and connectivity], CGTN (China's 24-hour English language television channel)</ref>
 
===Role of the Communist Party===
{{see also|Eight-point Regulation}}
Early on in his term, Xi repeatedly issued pronouncements on the supremacy of the Communist Party, largely echoing Deng Xiaoping's line that effective economic reform can only take place within the one-party political framework. In Xi's view, the Communist Party is the legitimate, constitutionally-sanctioned ruling party of China, and that the party derives this legitimacy through advancing the so-called "[[mass line]]"; that is the party represents the interests of the overwhelming majority of ordinary people.
 
Xi's position has been described as preferring highly centralized political power as a means to direct large-scale economic restructuring.<ref>AFP, above, quoting Joseph Cheng of the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]].</ref> Xi believes that China should be 'following its own path' and that a strong authoritarian government is an integral part of the "China model", operating on a "core socialist value system", which has been interpreted as China's alternative to Western values. However, Xi and his colleagues acknowledge the challenges to the legitimacy of Communist rule, particularly corruption by party officials. The answer, according to Xi's programme, is two-fold: strengthen the party from within, by streamlining strict party discipline and initiating a large anti-corruption campaign to remove unsavoury elements from within the party, and instituting Mao-style "[[mass line]]" campaigns externally to make party officials better understand and serve the needs of ordinary people. Xi believes that just as the party must be at the apex of political control of the state, the party's central authorities (i.e., the Politburo, PSC, or himself as general secretary) must exercise full and direct political control of all party activities.<ref name=vegs>{{cite news|last1=Veg|first1=Sebastien|title=China's Political Spectrum under Xi Jinping|url=http://thediplomat.com/2014/08/chinas-political-spectrum-under-xi-jinping/|work=The Diplomat|date=11 August 2014}}</ref>
 
Xi's policies have been characterized as "economically liberal but politically conservative" by [[Cheng Li]] of the [[Brookings Institution]].<ref name=chengli/>
 
===Censorship===
 
The "[[Concerning the Situation in the Ideological Sphere|Document No. 9]]" is a [[Internal media of the People's Republic of China|confidential internal document]] widely circulated within the Communist Party of China in 2013 by the [[General Office of the Communist Party of China|party's General Office]].<ref>[http://www.hndj.gov.cn/html/jgdj/gzkx/2013/5168269.html 省储备局认真学习贯彻落实《关于当前意识形态领域情况的通报》，湖南机关党建，2013年05月16日] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615122048/http://www.hndj.gov.cn/html/jgdj/gzkx/2013/5168269.html |date=15 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.vtibet.cn/zhuanti/2013-05/09/cms340592article.shtml 西藏广电局召开传达学习有关文件精神会议，中国西藏之声网，2013-05-09] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615105337/http://www.vtibet.cn/zhuanti/2013-05/09/cms340592article.shtml |date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> The document was first published in July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2012/0703/c83855-18430666.html|title=当前我国意识形态建设面临的六大挑战--理论--人民网|author=2288|work=People's Daily}}</ref> The document warns of seven dangerous Western values: constitutional democracy, universal values of human rights, [[civil society]], pro-market neo-liberalism, media independence, historical nihilism [criticisms of past errors], and questioning [[Reform and Opening]].<ref name=NYT81913>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/world/asia/chinas-new-leadership-takes-hard-line-in-secret-memo.html?ref=global-home "China's New Leadership Takes Hard Line in Secret Memo"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721050121/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/world/asia/chinas-new-leadership-takes-hard-line-in-secret-memo.html?ref=global-home |date=21 July 2016 }} article by Christopher Buckley in ''[[The New York Times]]'' 19 August 2013</ref> Coverage of these topics in educational materials is forbidden.<ref name=SCMP82913>{{cite news|title=Seven subjects off limits for teaching, Chinese universities told: Civil rights, press freedom and party's mistakes among subjects banned from teaching in order described by an academic as back-pedalling|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1234453/seven-subjects-limits-teaching-chinese-universities-told|accessdate=19 September 2013|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=29 August 2013|author=Raymond Li}}</ref> The release of this internal document, which has introduced new topics that were previously not 'off-limits', was seen as Xi's recognition of the 'sacrosanct' nature of Communist Party rule over China.<ref name=NYT81913/>
 
Xi's administration has also overseen more internet restrictions imposed in China, and is described as being "stricter across the board" on speech than previous administrations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/03/tiananmen-censorship-reflects-crackdown-under-xi-jinping|title=Tiananmen Censorship Reflects Crackdown Under Xi Jinping|publisher=US News|date=3 June 2014|first=Tom |last=Risen}}</ref> Xi's term has resulted in a further suppression of dissent from [[civil society]]. Xi's term has seen the arrest and imprisonment of activists such as [[Xu Zhiyong]], as well as numerous others who identified with the [[New Citizens' Movement]]. Prominent legal activist [[Pu Zhiqiang]] of the [[Weiquan movement]] was also arrested and detained.<ref name=afp>{{cite news|title=Chinese dream turns sour for activists under Xi Jinping|url=http://www.afp.com/en/news/chinese-dream-turns-sour-activists-under-xi-jinping/|accessdate=17 July 2014|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=10 July 2014}}</ref> The situation for users of [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]] has been described as a change from fearing that individual posts would be deleted, or at worst one's account, to fear of arrest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/06/china-xi-jinping-crackdown-liberal-academics-minor-cultural-revolution|title='It's getting worse': China's liberal academics fear growing censorship|work=The Guardian|date=6 August 2015|first=Tom |last=Phillips}}</ref> A law enacted in September 2013 authorized a three-year prison term for bloggers who shared more than 500 times any content considered "defamatory".<ref name=Grigg /> A group of influential bloggers were summoned by the State Internet Information Department to a seminar instructing them to avoid writing about politics, the Communist Party, or making statements contradicting official narratives. Many bloggers stopped writing about controversial topics, and Weibo went into decline, with much of its readership shifting to [[WeChat]] users speaking to very limited social circles.<ref name=Grigg>{{cite news|url=http://www.afr.com/technology/social-media/how-china-stopped-its-bloggers-20150701-gi34za|title=How China stopped its bloggers|publisher=AFR|author=Angus Grigg|date=1 July 2015}}</ref>
 
==Personal life==
Xi [[Marriage in modern China|married]] Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, an ambassador to Britain in the early 1980s. They divorced within a few years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/07/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-profile/index.html|title=Xi Jinping: From 'sent-down youth' to China's top|author=Elizabeth Yuan|publisher=CNN|date=8 November 2012|accessdate=8 November 2012}}</ref>
 
Xi married the prominent Chinese folk singer [[Peng Liyuan]] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/23/world/fg-chileaders23|title=China's 'fifth generation' of leaders reflects nation's shifts|last=Magnier|first=Mark|date=23 October 2007|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=21 December 2009}}</ref> Peng Liyuan, a [[celebrity|household name]] in China, was much better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation. The couple frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. Xi and Peng have a daughter named [[Xi Mingze]], who enrolled as a freshman at [[Harvard University]] in the autumn of 2010 under a pseudonym.<ref name="Red Nobility">{{cite web|title=Red Nobility: Xi Jinping's Harvard daughter|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120216000104&cid=1601&MainCatID=16|work=Want China Times|accessdate=7 November 2012|date=16 February 2012}}</ref>
 
Peng described Xi as hardworking and down-to-earth. "When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband."<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Leaders|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/leadership/html/6.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 August 2013}}</ref> Peng has played a much more visible role as China's "first lady" compared to her predecessors; for example, Peng hosted U.S. First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] on the latter's high-profile visit to China in March 2014.<ref name=beech>{{cite news|last1=Beech|first1=Hannah|title=Michelle Obama Tours Beijing With China's First Lady|url=http://time.com/33164/michelle-obama-china-beijing-peng-liyuan/|accessdate=17 July 2014|date=21 March 2014}}</ref> Xi was described in a 2011 ''[[The Washington Post]]'' article by those who know him as "pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key". Xi was described as a good hand at problem solving and "seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/xi-jinping-likely-chinas-next-leader-called-pragmatic-low-key/2011/08/15/gIQA5W83GJ_story.html|title=Xi Jinping, likely China's next leader, called pragmatic, low-key |work=The Washington Post|first=Keith B.|last=Richburg|date=15 August 2011}}</ref> He is known to love U.S. films such as ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', ''[[The Departed]]'' and ''[[The Godfather]]''.<ref>Buckley, Chris, [https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/08/us-china-usa-xi-idUSTRE8170FZ20120208 "China leader-in-waiting carries heavy political baggage to U.S."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930175418/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/08/us-china-usa-xi-idUSTRE8170FZ20120208 |date=30 September 2015 }}, [[Reuters]], 8 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.</ref><ref>Buckley, Chris, [http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/xi-in-godfather-mold-looks-assertive-and-even-imperial "Xi, in 'Godfather' Mold, Looks Assertive and Even Imperial"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328221642/http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/xi-in-godfather-mold-looks-assertive-and-even-imperial |date=28 March 2015 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 15 November 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2012.</ref> He also praised the independent film maker [[Jia Zhangke]].<ref>{{cite web| first=Tania| last= Branigan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/13/xi-jinping-profile-china|title=The Guardian profile: Xi Jinping|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=13 February 2012|accessdate=14 February 2012}}</ref>
 
In June 2012, ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek|Bloomberg]]'' reported that members of Xi's extended family have substantial business interests, although there was no evidence he had intervened to assist them.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-29/xi-jinping-millionaire-relations-reveal-fortunes-of-elite.html|title=Xi Jinping Millionaire Relations Reveal Fortunes of Elite|work=Bloomberg|date=29 June 2012}}</ref> The ''Bloomberg'' website was [[Internet censorship in China|blocked]] in [[mainland China]] in response to the article.<ref name=guardian29612>{{cite news|last=Branigan|first=Tania|title=China blocks Bloomberg for exposing financial affairs of Xi Jinping's family|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/29/china-bloomberg-xi-jinping|accessdate=11 September 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 June 2012|location=Beijing}}</ref> Since embarking on an anti-corruption campaign, members of Xi's family were reported by ''[[The New York Times]]'' to be selling their corporate and real estate investments beginning in 2012, reportedly to decrease Xi's own political vulnerability.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Forsythe|first1=Michael|title=As China's Leader Fights Graft, His Relatives Shed Assets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/18/world/asia/chinas-president-xi-jinping-investments.html|accessdate=16 July 2014|work=The New York Times|date=17 June 2012}}</ref>
 
In 2014, a nine-year-old Henan boy's suggestion that President Xi Jinping lose some weight was pulled from major news websites as part of Xi's censorship drive and sensitivity over his weight.<ref>url=http://yp.scmp.com/news/china/article/92974/9-year-old-asks-chinese-president-xi-jinping-lose-weight-letter-goes-viral</ref>
 
Relatives of highly placed Chinese officials including seven current and former senior leaders of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China]] have been named in the [[Panama Papers]], including [[Deng Jiagui]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160421044242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/04/the-panama-papers-are-super-awkward-for-beijing/ The Panama Papers are super awkward for Beijing]". ''The Washington Post''. 4 April 2016.</ref> the brother-in-law of Xi. Deng had two shell companies in the [[British Virgin Islands]] while Xi was a member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China|Politburo Standing Committee]], but they were dormant by the time Xi became General Secretary of the Communist Party in November 2012.<ref name=MP>{{cite news |url=http://www.marketplace.org/2016/04/04/world/xi-jinpings-family-linked-panama-papers |title=Xi Jinping's family linked to Panama Papers |accessdate=6 April 2016 |publisher=Marketplace |first=Rob |last=Schmitz |date=4 April 2016}}</ref>
 
==Honors==
 
'''Foreign Honour'''
*[[File:Olympic flag.svg|25px|border]] [[IOC]]: [[Olympic Order|The Golden Olympic order]] (19 November 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaconsulatesf.org/eng/zgxw/t1101193.htm|title=Xi Jinping Meets with International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach and Receives the Olympic Order in Gold|publisher=Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in San Francisco}}</ref>
*{{flagu|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (30 March 2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-belgium.uml/|title=China's Xi receives royal welcome in Belgium before EU talks|publisher=EUbusiness}}</ref>
*{{flagu|Venezuela}}: [[Order of the Liberator]] (20 July 2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpzxcxjzgjldrdlchwdbxagtwnrlgbjxgsfwbcxzlldrhw/t1177105.shtml|title=Xi Jinping Receives the Order of the Liberator from Venezuela|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>
*{{flagu|Cuba}}: [[Order of José Martí]] (22 July 2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpzxcxjzgjldrdlchwdbxagtwnrlgbjxgsfwbcxzlldrhw/t1177769.shtml|title=Xi Jinping Receives Order of José Marti of Cuba|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>
*{{flagu|Pakistan}}: [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] (21 April 2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pak-confers-highest-civilian-award-on-chinese-president-xi/article1-1339490.aspx|title=Pakistan confers Nishan-e-Pakistan on Chinese President Xi Jinping|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
*{{flagu|Serbia}}: Order of the Republic of Serbia (18 June 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2016&mm=06&dd=18&nav_id=98363|title=Chinese president receives Order of Republic of Serbia|work=[[B92]]}}</ref>
*{{flagu|Saudi Arabia}}: [[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud]] (2016)<ref>{{cite news|title=Xi Jinping Holds Talks with King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia Two Heads of State Jointly Announce Establishment of China-Saudi Arabia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpdstajyljxgsfw/t1333527.shtml|accessdate=2016-08-22|work=[[Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China]]|date=2016-01-20}}</ref>
 
'''Key to the City'''
*{{Flagicon|US}}[[File:Flag of Iowa.svg|25px|border]] [[Muscatine, Iowa]], US (1985)<ref name="National Public Radio">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2012/02/14/146888717/iowa-a-top-destination-for-chinas-vice-president/|title=A Familiar Face Back in Iowa: China's Vice President|publisher=NPR}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|US}}[[File:Flag of Iowa.svg|25px|border]] [[Muscatine, Iowa]], US (14 February 2012)<ref name="National Public Radio"/>
*{{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Montego Bay]], Jamaica (13 February 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jis.gov.jm/chinese-vp-receives-key-to-the-city-of-montego-bay/|title=Chinese VP Receives Key to the City of Montego Bay|publisher=Jamaica Information Service}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}[[File:Bandera de San José (Costa Rica).svg|25px|border]] [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], Costa Rica (3 June 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpttcrmux_665688/t1047968.shtml|title=President Xi Jinping Receives Key to City of San Jose|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|Mexico}}[[File:Flag of Mexico City.svg|25px|border]] [[Mexico City]], Mexico (5 June 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpttcrmux_665688/t1048545.shtml|title=President Xi Jinping Receives Key to Mexico City|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|Argentina}}{{flagu|Buenos Aires}}, Argentina (19 July 2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpzxcxjzgjldrdlchwdbxagtwnrlgbjxgsfwbcxzlldrhw/t1176661.shtml|title=Xi Jinping Receives Key to the City of Buenos Aires|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>
 
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|Ancestors of Xi Jinping|width=100%|collapsed=yes}}<center>
{{ahnentafel-compact5
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|1= 1. Xi Jinping
|2= 2. [[Xi Zhongxun]]
|3= 3. [[Qi Xin]]
|4= 4. Xi Zongde
|5= 5. Chai Caihua
|6= 6. Qi Dean
|7= 7. Deng Yuezhen
|8= 8. Xi Yongsheng
|9=
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|16= 16. Xi Yuce
|17=
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{{ahnentafel bottom}}
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Politics|Engineering|Chemistry|Biography}}
* [[New Zhijiang Army]]
* [[One Belt, One Road]]
* [[Xi–Li Administration]]
 
==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.chinavitae.com/biography_display.php?id=303 Biography] at Chinavitae.com
* {{C-SPAN|jinpingxi}}
* [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/china/xi-jinping/ Xi Jinping] collected news and commentary at the [[China Digital Times]]
* {{Guardian topic}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/x/xi_jinping}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/world/asia/aiming-for-top-xi-jinping-forged-ties-early-in-china.html "Changing of the Guard: Elite and Deft, Xi Aimed High Early in China"] (29 September 2012), by Ian Johnson, ''The New York Times''
* [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/04/06/born-red "Born Red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China's most authoritarian leader since Mao."] (6 April 2015), by Evan Osnos, ''The New Yorker''.
* {{WSJ topic}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-nr93-50857}}
* U.S. Embassy Beijing, [https://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/11/09BEIJING3128.html Portrait of Xi Jinping], via [[United States diplomatic cables leak]]
* [[Evan Osnos|Osnos, Evan]], [http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/evanosnos/2012/02/chinas-valentines-day-in-washington.html "China's Valentine's Day in Washington"], ''The New Yorker'', 14 February 2012. Review of comment accompanying Xi's visit.
 
{{Navboxes
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{{s-bef|before=[[He Guoqiang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Politics of Fujian|Governor of Fujian Province]]|years=1999–2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lu Zhangong]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Chai Songyue]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Politics of Zhejiang|Governor of Zhejiang Province]]<br>{{small|Acting}}|years=2002–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lü Zushan]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=Li Zemin}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Politics of Zhejiang|Chairman of the People's Congress Standing Committee of Zhejiang]]|years=2003–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yu Guoxing]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Zeng Qinghong]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of the People's Republic of China]]|years=2008–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Li Yuanchao]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Xu Caihou]]<br>[[Guo Boxiong]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] of the People's Republic of China|alongside=[[Xu Caihou]], [[Guo Boxiong]]|years=2010–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fan Changlong]]<br>[[Xu Qiliang]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Hu Jintao]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the People's Republic of China]]|years=2013–present}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Central Military Commission|Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China]]|years=2013–present}}
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{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Zhang Dejiang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Party chief of the Communist Party of China|Communist Party Secretary]] of [[Zhejiang]]|years=2002–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zhao Hongzhu]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Han Zheng]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Party chief of the Communist Party of China|Communist Party Secretary]] of Shanghai|years=2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yu Zhengsheng]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Zeng Qinghong]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=First Secretary of [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee]]|years=2007–2012}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Liu Yunshan]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Central Leading Group for Party Building]]|years=2007–2012}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Xu Caihou]]<br>[[Guo Boxiong]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] of the [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]]|alongside=[[Xu Caihou]], [[Guo Boxiong]]|years=2010–2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fan Changlong]]<br>[[Xu Qiliang]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hu Jintao]]|rows=4}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary of the Communist Party]]|years=2012–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=7}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] of the [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]]|years=2012–present}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group of the Communist Party of China|Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group]]|years=2012–present}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs]]|years=2013–present}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|rows=3|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms]]|years=2013–present}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairman of the [[Central National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China]]|years=2014–present}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairman of the [[Central Commission for Integrated Military and Civilian Development of the Communist Party of China]]|years=2017–present}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of [[APEC]]|years=2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Benigno Aquino III]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of the [[G20|Group of 20]]|years=2016}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Zhu De]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Commander-in-Chief of the [[Joint Battle Command]] of the [[People's Liberation Army]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Zeng Qinghong]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Central Party School of the Communist Party of China]]|years=2007–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Liu Yunshan]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-prec}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Li Changchun]]|as=Propaganda chief}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China|Rank of the Communist Party of China]]<br>{{small|17th [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China|Politburo Standing Committee]]}}}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Li Keqiang]]|as=[[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China|First Vice Premier of the State Council]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China|Rank of the Communist Party of China]]<br>{{small|18th [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China|Politburo Standing Committee]]}}}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Li Keqiang]]|as=[[Premier of the State Council]]}}
{{s-end}}
}}
 
{{Xi Jinping}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Navboxes
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{{Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China}}
{{CCPHeads}}
{{18th Politburo Standing Committee}}
{{Presidents of the People's Republic of China}}
{{CMC Chairman}}
{{17th Politburo Standing Committee}}
{{CPC Secretariat}}
{{Vice Presidents of the People's Republic of China}}
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{{Shanghai leaders}}
{{Zhejiang leaders}}
{{Fujian leaders}}
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{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Xi, Jinping}}
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China]]
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