អង្គការសហភាពអន្តរជាតិដើម្បីអភិរក្សធម្មជាតិ៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា

ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានលុបចោល ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានសរសេរបន្ថែម
WIP - translating into Khmer language
 
Import contents from simple wp
បន្ទាត់ទី១៖
{{Not Khmer}}
 
{{Inappropriate tone|date=July 2010}}
{{Infobox company
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The '''International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources''' ('''IUCN''') is an [[international organization]] dedicatedset up to findingprotect "pragmaticplants, solutionsanimals toand ourhabitats. mostIt pressingwas environmentfirst andcalled developmentthe challenges."World <refConservation name=Union."About IUCN">It was started in 1948, with its main office in [http://iucn[Gland, Switzerland]].org/about/] The IUCN website.brings Retrievedtogether 2011-04-09.</ref>83 Thestates, organization108 publishesgovernment aagencies, 766 "[[IUCNNon-governmental Red List|Red Listorganization]]"s compilingand information81 from[[international aorganizations]] networkand ofabout conservation10,000 organizationsexperts toand rate[[scientist]]s whichfrom speciescountries arearound mostthe endangeredworld.<ref name="cbs newsIUCN">[http://www.cbsnewsiucn.comorg/stories/2007/09/12/tech/main3254141.shtml PlanetThe OfIUCN No Apes? Experts Warn It's CloseWebsite] CBS<small>Accessed News1 Online, 2007-09-12. RetrievedMay 2008-03-22.</small></ref>
 
IUCN's purpose is to influence, encourage and assist countriess around the world to [[conserve]] the quality and [[biodiversity|diversity]] of nature. It also has to make sure that any use of natural resources is fair and [[sustainability|sustainable]] without harming the earth.<ref name="IUCN"/>
==Overview of IUCN==
{{Primary sources|date=November 2010}}
The IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world and brings governments, non-government organizations, United Nations agencies, companies and local communities together to develop and implement policy, laws and best practice.
IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental network - a democratic membership union with more than 1,000 government and NGO member organizations, and almost 11,000 volunteer scientists in more than 160 countries.
IUCN’s work is supported by more than 1,000 professional staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. The Union’s headquarters are located in [[Gland, Switzerland|Gland]], near [[Geneva]], Switzerland.<ref name="IUCN">[http://www.iucn.org/ IUCN website] Accessed 20 May 2010</ref>
 
==Vision andHistory Mission==
The first Director General of [[UNESCO]], (Sir [[Julian Huxley]]) wanted to give UNESCO a more scientific base. He set up a meeting to start a new organisation to protect nature<ref name="Christoffersen">[http://www.fni.no/YBICED/97_04_christoffersen.pdf Christoffersen, Leif E. (1994) "IUCN: A Bridge-Builder for Nature Conservation. " Green Globe YearBook] <small>Accessed 11 June 2008 </small></ref>.
IUCN's stated vision is a just world that values and conserves nature.<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/about/ IUCN - About IUCN<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
IUCN's mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and [[biodiversity|diversity]] of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.<ref name="IUCN" />
 
At the first meeting at Fontainebleau, France, on [[5 October]], [[1948]], 18 governments, seven international organisations, and 107 national nature conservation organisations agreed to form the International Union for the Protection of Nature.<ref name="Christoffersen"/>
==History==
[[File:IUCN-Logo.svg|thumb|left|The logo adopted in May 1992]]
The first Director General of [[UNESCO]], (Sir [[Julian Huxley]]), wishing to give UNESCO a more scientific base, sponsored a congress to establish a new environmental institution to help serve this purpose.<ref name="Christoffersen">[http://www.fni.no/YBICED/97_04_christoffersen.pdf Christoffersen, Leif E. (1994) "IUCN: A Bridge-Builder for Nature Conservation. " Green Globe YearBook] Accessed 11 June 2008</ref>
 
From the start the most important task has been to explore and develop arrangements that can allow development as well as helping people and nations to better preserve their [[flora]] and [[fauna]]<ref name="Christoffersen"/>. The ICUN has always argued that needs of local communities, people and nations have to be the main part of a conservation plan.<ref name="Christoffersen"/> Areas needing protection and [[threatened species]] would be best protected:
At that first congress (held at [[Fontainebleau]], [[France]]), on 5 October 1948, 18 governments, 7 international organizations, and 107 national nature conservation organizations all agreed to form the institution and signed a "constitutive act" creating an International Union for the Protection of Nature.<ref name="Christoffersen" />
 
{{cquote2|if local people considered it in their own interest to do so. Working with rather than against local people became a major working principle for IUCN.|Page 61}}
From this beginning, the overriding strategy and policy of the institution has been to explore and promote mutually beneficial conservation arrangements that suit those promoting development as well as assisting people and nations to better preserve their [[flora]] and [[fauna]].<ref name="Christoffersen" /> When approached in 1978 by primatologist [[Richard Wrangham]] to contribute funds to the new [[Digit Fund]] to prevent further poaching of [[mountain gorilla]]s near [[Dian Fossey]]'s Karisoke Research Station in [[Rwanda]], the International Union for Conservation of Nature declined to provide funds to the cause.<ref name="Mowat">{{cite book | title = Woman In the Mists|last= Mowat|first= Farley|authorlink= Farley Mowat|coauthors= |year= 1987|publisher= Warner Books|location= New York|isbn= 0446513601|page= |pages= 172–3|url= }}</ref> Instead, the IUCN supported opening the [[Virunga Volcanoes]] to [[tourism]] as a way to encourage the Rwandan government to preserve the gorillas.<ref name="Mowat" />
 
AtThe allIUCN times,now thehas institutionoffices (in allmany itsof forms)the hasnations heavily emphasized as a key operating principlearound the strongworld. needIt tois caterable to and addressprovide the needsservices of locala nations,large communitiesgroup andof peoples,mainly sovoluntary that those nationsspecialists, communitiesproviding andlocal peopleslevel canadvice take ownership of future, long termand conservation goals and objectivess in their local areas:services.<ref name="Christoffersen" />
 
== Other pages ==
{{cquote2|Protected areas and threatened species could most effectively be safeguarded if local people considered it in their own interest to do so. Working with rather than against local people became a major working principle for IUCN.|Page 61}}
* [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]
 
== References ==
The IUCN's ''World Conservation Strategy'' (1980)<ref>''World Conservation Strategy: living resource conservation for sustainable development'', International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 1980. data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/WCS-004.pdf Accessed 20 Feb 2011</ref> was founded upon this kind of principle, and clearly announced the IUCN's ambitions to more effectively enter into dialogue with the promoters of human development. The strategy was internationally applauded by many and served to secure the IUCN funds from several donors who did not themselves feel they could open up effective dialogue in the world's [[developing country|developing countries]], nor that United Nations organizations and international banks would effectively engage in such dialogue.<ref name="Christoffersen" />
{{reflist}}
 
== Other websites ==
Since the ''World Conservation Strategy'' and the dawn of the [[sustainable development]] era, however, these goals have come to sit uneasily with attempts by institutions such as [[The World Bank]] to "mainstream the environment."<ref>{{cite document | author=The World Bank | title = Mainstreaming the Environment | date = 1993 | location = Washington DC }}</ref> This has led to pressure from more powerful institutions, such as The Bank itself as well as the UNDP and UNEP, to help promote the expansion of the free-market onto the environment, re-named "natural resources," thus giving wealthy investors and multinationals the right to purchase rights to things previously considered intangible and common property, such as water, genetic resources, and the right to pollute the atmosphere.
* [http://www.iucn.org/ IUCN official website]
 
* [http://www.friendsofworldheritage.org/ Friends of World Heritage] A non-profit organization that identifies projects that support local tourism activities that can help provide jobs and protect World Heritage sites.
With the pre-eminence of the concept of sustainable development, the IUCN has expanded into many of the nations around the world, making available the services of a large pool of mainly voluntary specialists, providing local level advice and conservation services, and expanding its networks of Committees and regional advisory bodies into increasing numbers of countries.<ref name="Christoffersen" /> It remains to be seen how well the IUCN will be able to reconcile its founding ideals with the pressures of incorporation into the development institutions.
 
=== Timeline ===
Some key dates in the growth and development of this organization include:<ref name="Christoffersen" />
* 1956: Name changed from International Union for the Preservation of Nature (IUPN) to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
* 1959: UNESCO decides to create an international list of Nature Parks and equivalent reserves, and the United Nations Secretary General asks the IUCN to prepare this list
* 1961: After more than a decade of funding difficulties, eminent science and business personalities (including Sir [[Julian Huxley]]) decide to set up a complementary fund (the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund]]) to focus on fund raising, public relations, and increasing public support for nature conservation
* 1969: The IUCN obtains a grant from the [[Ford Foundation]] which enables it to boost, substantially, its international secretariat.
* 1972: UNESCO adopts the [[World Heritage Site|Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage]] and the IUCN is invited to provide technical evaluations and monitoring
* 1974: The IUCN is involved in obtaining the agreement of its members to sign a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ([[CITES]]), whose secretariat was originally lodged with the IUCN
* 1975: The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance ([[Ramsar Convention]]) comes into force, and its secretariat is administered from the IUCN's headquarters
* 1980: The IUCN (together with the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]) collaborate with UNESCO to publish a World Conservation Strategy
* 1982: Following IUCN preparation and efforts, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopts the [[World Charter for Nature]]
* 1990: Began using the name World Conservation Union as the official name, while continuing using IUCN as its abbreviation. This name change proved to be short-lived.
* 1993: the IUCN (together with [[United Nations Environment Programme]] and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]) publishes ''Caring for the Earth''
* 2001: Establishment of the IUCN Business and Biodiversity Programme
* 2008: Stopped using World Conservation Union as its official name and reverted its name back to International Union for Conservation of Nature
* 2008: More than 6,600 leaders from government, the public sector, non-governmental organizations, business, UN agencies and social organizations attended IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona, Spain.
 
=== Presidents ===
 
* 1948–1954: [[Charles Jean Bernard]], Switzerland<ref name="hesselink">Hesselink, Frits; Čeřovský, Jan: ''[http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/cec_history_annex_28sept08.pdf Learning to Change the Future]'', IUCN 2008, p.&nbsp;22. URL retrieved 2011-01-24.</ref>
* 1954–1958: [[Roger Heim]], France<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1958–1963: [[Jean Georges Baer]], Switzerland<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1963–1966: [[François Bourlière]], France<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1966–1972: [[Harold Jefferson Coolidge, Jr.|Harold J. Coolidge]], USA<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1972–1978: [[Donald Kuenen]], Netherlands<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1978–1984: [[Mohamed Kassas]], Egypt<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1984–1990: [[Monkombu Swaminathan]], India<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1990–1994: [[Sridath Ramphal]], Guyana<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1996–2004: [[Yolanda Kakabadse]], Ecuador<ref name="hesselink" />
* 2004–2008: [[Valli Moosa]], South Africa<ref name="hesselink" />
* 2008–: [[Ashok Khosla]], India<ref name="khosla">N.N.: ''[http://www.irc.nl/page/45366 Ashok Khosla elected president of the IUCN]'', November 13, 2008. URL retrieved 2011-01-24.</ref>
 
=== Directors General ===
 
* 1948–1955: [[Jean Paul Harroy]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1959–1960: [[M.C. Bloemers]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1962: [[Gerald Watterson]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1963–1966: [[Hugh Elliott]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1966–1970: [[Joe Berwick]]<ref name="hesselink" /><!-- Edward Joseph Hartley Berwick, 1911 - 1989. Obit in IUCN bulletin 1989. -->
* 1970–1976: [[Gerardo Budowski (scientist)|Gerardo Budowski]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1977–1980: [[David Munro (scientist)|David Munro]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1980–1982: [[Lee M. Talbot]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1983–1988: [[Kenton Miller]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1988–1994: [[Martin Holdgate]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1994–1999: [[David McDowell (scientist)|David McDowell]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 1999–2001: [[Marita Koch-Weser]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 2001–2006: [[Achim Steiner]]<ref name="hesselink" />
* 2006–: [[Julia Marton-Lefèvre]]<ref name="hesselink" />
 
==Organizational structure==
The Union has three components: its member organizations, its 6 scientific commissions, and its professional secretariat.<ref name="IUCN" />
 
===Members===
The Union unites both States and non-governmental organizations. They set the policies of the Union, define its global programme of work and elect its Council (comparable to a company board) at the IUCN World Conservation Congress. Member organizations organize themselves into National and Regional Committees.<ref name="IUCN" />
 
===Commissions===
There are six commissions that "assess the state of the world’s natural resources and provide the Union with sound know-how and policy advice on conservation issues":<ref name="IUCNCommissions">{{cite web | url = http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/ | title = IUCN - Commissions |date=12 May 2010 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |accessdate=8 September 2010}}</ref>
 
====Commission on Education and Communication====
[http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/cec/ IUCN Commission on Education and Communication] (CEC): CEC champions the strategic use of communication and education to empower and educate stakeholders for the sustainable use of natural resources. {{As of|2010|05}}, the commission claims 700 members led by Chairman Keith Wheeler.<ref name="IUCNCommissions" /><ref name="IUCNCommissionChairs">{{cite web | url = http://www.iucn.org/about/union/council/members/chairs/ | title = IUCN - Commission Chairs |date=15 October 2009 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |accessdate=8 September 2010}}</ref>
 
====Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy====
[http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/ceesp/ IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic, and Social Policy] (CEESP): CEESP provides expertise and policy advice on economic and social factors for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. {{As of|2010|05}}, CEESP has 1000 members and is led by Chairwoman Aroha Te Pareake Mead.<ref name="IUCNCommissions" /><ref name="IUCNCommissionChairs" />
 
====Commission on Environmental Law====
[http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/cel/ IUCN Commission on Environmental Law] (CEL): CEL advances environmental law by developing new legal concepts and instruments, as well as by building the capacity of societies to employ environmental law for conservation and sustainable development. {{As of|2010|05}}, there are 800 members on this commission led by Chairwoman Sheila Abed de Zavala.<ref name="IUCNCommissions" /><ref name="IUCNCommissionChairs" />
 
====Commission on Ecosystem Management====
[http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/cem/ IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management] (CEM): CEM provides expert guidance on integrated ecosystem approaches to the management of natural and modified ecosystems. {{As of|2010|05}}, it has 400 members and is led by Chairman Piet Wit.<ref name="IUCNCommissions" /><ref name="IUCNCommissionChairs" />
 
====Species Survival Commission====
{{Main|IUCN Species Survival Commission}}
[http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/about_ssc/ IUCN Species Survival Commission] (SSC): SSC advises the Union on the technical aspects of species conservation and mobilizes action for those species that are threatened with [[extinction]]. It produces the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. {{As of|2010|05}}, SSC's members include 7500 species and biodiversity specialists worldwide, organized under Chairman Simon Stuart.<ref name="IUCNCommissions" /><ref name="IUCNCommissionChairs" />
 
====World Commission on Protected Areas====
{{Main|World Commission on Protected Areas}}
[http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/ IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA)]: WCPA's mission is to promote the establishment and effective management of a world-wide representative network of terrestrial and marine protected areas. Membership consists of 1400, spanning 140 countries and is led by Chairman Nikita Lopoukhine.<ref name="IUCNCommissions" /><ref name="IUCNCommissionChairs" />
 
The IUCN is also the governing body responsible for the development the [[IUCN Protected Area Management Categories|Management Categories]] into which each Protected Area is divided, depending on it's conservation requirements and management aims.
 
===Secretariat===
[[File:IUCN-Headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|The IUCN headquarters in [[Gland, Switzerland|Gland]], [[Switzerland]].]]
The members and commissions work together with a professional [[wikt:secretariat|secretariat]] consisting of over 1,000 people in more than 60 different countries. [[Julia Marton-Lefèvre]], a global expert and leader in development and conservation, has been its Director General since 2 January 2007.
 
She succeeded Achim Steiner, who was appointed Executive Director of [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) in June 2006. William Jackson serves as Deputy Director General.<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/management/?posList=168,917&groupName=Directorate IUCN - Senior Management<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
==Priority Areas==
Conserving [[biodiversity]] and ensuring that any use of biological resources is sustainable are central to the mission of IUCN. The IUCN demonstrate how biodiversity is fundamental to addressing some of the world’s greatest challenges: tackling [[global warming]], achieving [[sustainable energy]], improving human well-being and building a [[green economy]].<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/what/ IUCN - What does IUCN do?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
===Biodiversity===
IUCN gathers the latest knowledge about biodiversity and [[ecosystems]] and their contribution to human well-being; runs field projects around the world to better manage our natural environment and helps to develop environmental policy, laws and best practice.<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/what/tpas/biodiversity/ IUCN - Biodiversity<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
===Climate change===
IUCN works to put nature at the centre of [[climate change]] solutions. Conserving nature can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and help us adapt to the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation).<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/what/tpas/climate/ IUCN - Climate Change<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
===Sustainable energy===
IUCN helps to accelerate society’s transition to energy systems that are ecologically sustainable, socially equitable and economically viable.<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/what/tpas/energy/ IUCN - Sustainable energy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
===Human well-being===
IUCN helps governments understand that nature conservation and the well-being of their people are inextricably linked.<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/what/tpas/livelihoods/ IUCN - Human well-being<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
===Green economy===
IUCN works with governments to ensure that economic, trade and investment policies better integrate biodiversity considerations. It works with companies, industry associations and consumer groups to turn environmental concerns into action.<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/what/tpas/greeneconomy/ IUCN - Green Economy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
==Key products and contributions==
Among the IUCN key products and services, it has produced and continues to maintain and monitor:
{{Conservation status}}
 
* the [[World Commission on Protected Areas#IUCN Categories of Protected Area|IUCN categories]] for Protected Area Management
* the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species
* IUCN World Conservation Congress
* [[World Database on Protected Areas]]
 
==Publications==
IUCN has one of the world’s most comprehensive ranges of authoritative publications, reports, guidelines and databases for conservation and sustainable development.<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/ IUCN - Search for a publication<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> They publish or co-author more than 150 books and major assessments every year, along with hundreds of other reports, documents and guidelines.<ref>[http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/ IUCN - Publications<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Centres of Plant Diversity]]
* [[Holocene extinction]], the current one
* [[Index of conservation articles]]
* [[List of conservation issues]]
* [[Red List Index]]
* [[Regional Red List]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.iucn.org/ IUCN] - Official website
* [http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/review/index.cfm Review of the 2008 Red List of Threatened Species]
* [http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/ IUCN publications]
* [http://www.eia.nl Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment]
* [http://www.rights-based-approach.org IUCN Rights-Based Approach to Conservation portal]
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}
 
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