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បន្ទាត់ទី២១៖
== ប្រវត្តិ ==
{{Main|History of the violin}}
[[Image:Batchelder violin.jpg|thumb | 125px |left|Batchelder violin (USA)]]
ប្រភេទខ្សែរបស់វីយោឡុងនេះ ក៏អាចប្រើសម្រាប់កេះផងដែរ (ឧ. the Greek [[lyre]]). [[Bow (music)|Bowed]] instruments may have originated in the [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] cultures of Central Asia, an example being the [[Kobyz]] ({{lang-kk|қобыз}}) or kyl-kobyz is an ancient [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Music of Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] [[string instrument]] or [[Mongolia]]n instrument [[Morin huur]]:
:Turkic and Mongolian horsemen from Inner [[Asia]] were probably the world’s earliest fiddlers. Their two-stringed upright fiddles were strung with [[horsehair]] strings, played with horsehair bows, and often feature a carved [[horse]]’s head at the end of the neck. ... The violins, [[viola]]s, and [[cello]]s we play today, and whose bows are still strung with horsehair, are a legacy of the nomads.<ref>
{{Cite web
|title = ''The Silk Road: Connecting Cultures, Creating Trust'', Silk Road Story 2: Bowed Instruments
|publisher = Smithsonian Center for Folk life and Cultural Heritage
|url = http://www.silkroadproject.org/smithsonian/nomads/story.html|accessdate=2008-09-26
}}</ref>
It is believed that these instruments eventually spread to [[China]], [[India]], the Byzantine Empire and the [[Middle East]], where they developed into instruments such as the [[erhu]] in [[China]], the [[rebab]] in the Middle East, the [[Byzantine lyra|lyra]] in the Byzantine Empire and the [[esraj]] in [[India]]. The violin in its present form emerged in early 16th-Century Northern [[Italy]], where the port towns of [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]] maintained extensive ties to [[central Asia]] through the trade routes of the [[silk road]].
The modern European violin evolved from various bowed [[stringed instruments]] from the Middle East<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.cso.org/main.taf?p=1,1,4,20
|title=The NPR Classical Music Companion: Terms and Concepts from A to Z
|last=Hoffman|first=Miles|publisher=[[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]]|accessdate=2008-09-26
}}</ref> and the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name=Grillet29>{{harvnb|Grillet|1901|p=29}}</ref><ref>Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990</ref> It is most likely that the first makers of violins borrowed from three types of current instruments: the [[rebec]], in use since the 10th century (itself derived from the [[Byzantine lyra]]<ref>
{{Cite journal|
last= Panum|first=Hortense|author-link=Panum hortense|year=1939|title=The stringed instruments of the Middle Ages, their evolution and development|publisher=London : William Reeves |page=434|
ref= harv
}}</ref> and the [[Arabic music|Arabic]] ''[[rebab]]''), the [[vielle|Renaissance fiddle]], and the ''[[lira da braccio]]''<ref>{{Cite web
|last=Arkenberg|first=Rebecca
|title=Renaissance Violins | month=October | year=2002
|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/renv/hd_renv.htm
|accessdate=2006-09-22
}}</ref> (derived<ref name="Grillet29"/> from the ''[[Byzantine lira]]''). One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, was in the ''Epitome musical'' by [[Jambe de Fer]], published in [[Lyon]] in 1556.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.violinonline.com/historicalbackgroundoftheviolin.htm
|title=Historical Background of the Violin
|publisher=ViolinOnline.com
|first=Robin Kay|last=Deverich|year=2006|accessdate=2006-09-22
}}</ref> By this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout [[Europe]].
The oldest documented violin to have four strings, like the modern violin, is supposed to have been constructed in 1555 by [[Andrea Amati]], but the date is very doubtful. (Other violins, documented significantly earlier, only had three strings and were called ''violetta''.) The violin immediately became very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, illustrated by the fact that the French king [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] ordered Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.bartruff.com/history.php
|title=The History of the Violin
|first=William|last=Bartruff|accessdate=2006-09-22
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070208112530/http://www.bartruff.com/history.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-02-08}}</ref> The oldest surviving violin, dated inside, is from this set, and is known as the ''Charles IX'', made in [[Cremona]] c. 1560. The finest Renaissance carved and decorated violin in the world is the [[Gasparo da Salò]] (1574 c.) owned by [[Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria]] and later, from 1841, by the Norwegian virtuoso [[Ole Bull]], who used it for forty years and thousands of concerts, for his very powerful and beautiful tone, similar to those of a Guarneri. It is now in the Vestlandske Kustindustrimuseum in [[Bergen]] (Norway). [[Messiah Stradivarius|"The Messiah"]] or ''"Le Messie"'' (also known as the "Salabue") made by [[Antonio Stradivari]] in 1716 remains pristine. It is now located in the [[Ashmolean Museum]] of [[Oxford]].<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=111
|title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1716 (Messiah; la Messie, Salabue)
|publisher=Cozio.com
|accessdate=2008-09-26
}}</ref>
[[Image:San Zaccaria.jpg|thumb|rithg|Detail of the [[San Zaccaria Altarpiece]], [[Venice]], by [[Giovanni Bellini]], 1505.]]
The most famous [[:Category:Violin makers|violin makers]] ([[luthiers]]) between the 16th century and the 18th century include:
* The school of Brescia, beginning in the late 14th with liras, violettas, violas and active in the field of the violin in the first half of 16th century
* The Dalla Corna family, active 1510–1560 in [[Brescia]] and [[Venezia]], [[Italy]]
* The Micheli family, active 1530–1615 in Brescia
* The Inverardi family active 1550–1580 in Brescia
* The Bertolotti [[Gasparo da Salò]] family, active 1530–1615 in Salò and Brescia
* Giovanni Paolo Maggini, active 1600–1630 in Brescia
* The school of Cremona, beginning in the half of 16 century vith violas and violone and in the field of violin in the second half of 16 century
* The [[Amati]] family, active 1500–1740 in [[Cremona]], [[Italy]]
* The [[Guarneri]] family, active 1626–1744 in Cremona
* The [[Stradivari]] family, active 1644–1737 in Cremona
Significant changes occurred in the construction of the violin in the 18th century, particularly in the length and angle of the neck, as well as a heavier bass bar. The majority of old instruments have undergone these modifications, and hence are in a significantly different state than when they left the hands of their makers, doubtless with differences in sound and response.<ref>
{{Cite web
|title=Violin changes by 1800
|url=http://rperras.tripod.com/id42.htm|author=Richard Perras
|accessdate=2006-10-29
}}</ref> But these instruments in their present condition set the standard for perfection in violin craftsmanship and sound, and violin makers all over the world try to come as close to this ideal as possible.
To this day, instruments from the so-called Golden Age of violin making, especially those made by Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesù, are the most sought-after instruments by both collectors and performers. The current record amount paid for a Stradivari violin is £9.8 million (US$15.9 million), when the instrument known as the [[Lady Blunt Stradivarius|Lady Blunt]] was sold by [[Tarisio Auctions]] in an online auction on June 20, 2011.<ref>{{cite news | title=Stradivarius violin sold for £9.8m at charity auction | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13852872 | publisher=BBC News | date=2011-06-21 | accessdate=2011-06-21}}</ref>
== ការផលិត ==
[[Image:Violinconsruction3.JPG|right|thumb|400px|The construction of a violin]]
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