ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា

In the Carmel mountain range at [[Tabun, Israel|el-Tabun]], and [[Es Skhul]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm|title=Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> [[Neanderthal]] and early modern human remains were found, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found.<ref>Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; ''Callander and Smith'', 1998</ref> The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic record]] in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html |title=From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge |accessdate=2007-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228172528/http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html |archivedate=28 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> from the [[Lower Paleolithic]] to the present day, representing roughly a million years of [[human evolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php |title=Excavations and Surveys (University of Haifa) |accessdate=2007-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313142646/http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php |archivedate=13 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Other notable [[Paleolithic]] sites include caves [[Qesem Cave|Qesem]] and [[Manot Cave|Manot]]. The oldest fossils of [[anatomically modern human]]s found [[Recent African origin of modern humans|outside Africa]] are the [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids]], who lived in northern Israel 120,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=14 October 2015 |title=Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early' |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34531861 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> Around 10th millennium BCE, the [[Natufian culture]] existed in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bar-Yosef |first=Ofer |author-link=Ofer Bar-Yosef |date=7 December 1998 |title=The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf |journal=[[Evolutionary Anthropology (journal)|Evolutionary Anthropology]] |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=159–177 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

 

{{Main article|History of ancient Israel and Judah}}

[[File:Ancient Orient.png|thumb|Map of the [[ancient Near East]]]]

During the 2nd millennium BCE, [[Canaan]], part of which later became known as Israel, was dominated by the [[New Kingdom of Egypt]] from c.1550 to c. 1180.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com|title=Google Books|website=books.google.com}}</ref>

 

{{Main article|Hebrews|Israelites|Biblical judges}}

{{See also|Origins of Judaism|Biblical archaeology|The Bible and history}}

Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400,<ref name=mcnutt70>McNutt 1999, p. 70.</ref><ref>Miller 2005, p. 98.</ref> which lived by farming and herding, and were largely self-sufficient;<ref>McNutt 1999, p. 72.</ref> economic interchange was prevalent.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 99.</ref> Writing was known and available for recording, even in small sites.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 105.</ref> The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population.<ref>Lehman in Vaughn 1992, pp. 156–62.</ref>

 

 

The first use of [[grapheme]]-based [[Proto-Sinaitic script|writing originated in the area]], probably among Canaanite peoples resident in Egypt. This evolved into the [[Phoenician alphabet]] from which all modern [[Alphabet|alphabetical writing systems]] are descended. The [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet]] was one of the first to develop and evidence of its use exists from about 1000 BCE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1308-alphabet-the-hebrew|title=ALPHABET, THE HEBREW - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> (see the [[Gezer calendar]]), the language spoken was probably [[Biblical Hebrew]].

[[Monotheism]], the belief in a single all-powerful law-giving God is thought to have evolved among the Hebrew speakers gradually, over the next few centuries, from a number of separate cults,<ref>Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</ref> leading to the first versions of the religion now known as [[Judaism]].

 

{{Main article|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Judah}}

[[File:Ir-david03.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[City of David]] in Jerusalem]]